初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)（合集15篇）
總結(jié)就是把一個(gè)時(shí)間段取得的成績(jī)、存在的問(wèn)題及得到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行一次全面系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)的書(shū)面材料，它可以明確下一步的工作方向，少走彎路，少犯錯(cuò)誤，提高工作效益，因此我們要做好歸納，寫(xiě)好總結(jié)。那么你真的懂得怎么寫(xiě)總結(jié)嗎？以下是小編為大家收集的初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1
形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成規(guī)則
(1)單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞，比較級(jí)在后面加-er，最高級(jí)在后面加-est。
①單音節(jié)單詞:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
�、谏贁�(shù)以-er，-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)單詞:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
(2)以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)單詞，比較級(jí)在原形后加-r，最高級(jí)在原級(jí)后加-st。
large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
(3)以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)(即：輔音+元音+輔音)單詞中，先雙寫(xiě)末尾的.輔音字母，比較級(jí)加-er，最高級(jí)加-est。
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
(4)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，把y改為i，比較級(jí)加-er，最高級(jí)加-est。
easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
(5)其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，比較級(jí)在前面加more，最高級(jí)在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
(6)有少數(shù)形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是不規(guī)則的，必須熟記。
good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)2
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，從字面上理解，就是“現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“現(xiàn)在”，動(dòng)作目前的狀態(tài)是“正在進(jìn)行中”。所謂“正在進(jìn)行中”，是指在談到這件事的時(shí)候，這個(gè)動(dòng)作還在進(jìn)行中。至于它是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的，什么時(shí)候會(huì)停下來(lái)，不是我們關(guān)心的.。所以“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的事件，可能發(fā)生幾年了，也可能只有幾分鐘。仍在進(jìn)行中這是“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的關(guān)鍵所在。它是一件持續(xù)進(jìn)行的事情。
一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由"be+現(xiàn)在分詞（v-ing）"構(gòu)成。be應(yīng)為助動(dòng)詞，一定不要漏掉喲!它應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致，即：I am/he/she/it 包括單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞用is,you/we/they 包括復(fù)數(shù)名詞用are. �，F(xiàn)在分詞變化規(guī)則如下：
1.動(dòng)詞后直接+ ing(例：sleep+ing sleeping)
2.去掉不發(fā)音的e+ing(例：bite-e+ing biting)
3.重讀閉音節(jié)，且末尾只有1個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)輔音字母+ing(例： sitting
sitting, beginning,getting,putting，running，stopping，cutting ）
4.特殊變化：die-dying,lie-lying，tie-tying
句式構(gòu)成如下：
肯定句式：主語(yǔ)+be( am, is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.
否定句式：主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are) +not +現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.
一般疑問(wèn)句：Be(am, is, are) +主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它？ ，，
特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+be(am, is, are)+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它？
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的應(yīng)用
A表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 例：We are waiting for you.
B. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 例：Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。) 例：She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
C.已經(jīng)確定或安排好的將來(lái)活動(dòng)。
I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.（已經(jīng)安排了） we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已經(jīng)拿到了）
在實(shí)際運(yùn)用時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用以下幾種情況：
(1)當(dāng)句子中有now時(shí)，常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
They are playing basketball now.現(xiàn)在他們正在打籃球。
(2)以look, listen開(kāi)頭的句子，提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
Listen！She is singing an English song.聽(tīng)，她正在唱英語(yǔ)歌。
(3)表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，且此時(shí)有this week, these days等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
We are making model planes these days.這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。
(4)描述圖片中的人物的動(dòng)作，也為了表達(dá)更生動(dòng)。此時(shí)也常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看這幅圖，那些孩子正在公園放風(fēng)箏。
常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的考查，多以單選或詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)境中靈活運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)的能力。在考試中，會(huì)讓大家判斷是否該用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，或填寫(xiě)現(xiàn)在分詞，或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
典型例題1： Listen, who________(sing) in the music room?
解析：以 listen開(kāi)頭，提示我們動(dòng)作正進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。所以應(yīng)用is singing
典型例題2：The boys are visiting the history museum。(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)）
解析：對(duì)動(dòng)作提問(wèn)用What，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，把a(bǔ)re 提到主語(yǔ)前，加doing。
答案：What are the boys doing？
誤區(qū)提醒
在口語(yǔ)中表示主語(yǔ)計(jì)劃將要作的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)，這類(lèi)情況常與come來(lái)，go去， leave離開(kāi)，depart離開(kāi)，arrive到達(dá)，stay逗留，start開(kāi)始等動(dòng)詞連用。所用的動(dòng)詞必須是動(dòng)作而不是狀態(tài)，主語(yǔ)必須是人。
典型例題：They are （leave）for New York tomorrow.
解析：題意為“明天他們將要?jiǎng)由砬巴~約”。雖然tomorrow 表示“明天”，表達(dá)未來(lái)，但leave要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)，所以應(yīng)用leaving 。
答案：leaving
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)3
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
如：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time， I should study German.(fact:I have no more time， so I shall not study German.)
If she were not so busy， she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy， so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.) If they didn’t take physical eXercises every day， they
wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical eXercises every day， so they are very healthy.)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s eXamination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s eXam， so I didn’t check my paper again) You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ，so he hasn’t recovered from his illness ) 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反：
If it rains tomorrow， our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.) If it rained tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.) If it should rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our eXpectation.) If it were to rain tomorrow， our picnic would be put off.(條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形，表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)
注：
(（1)如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had， should， could
有時(shí)可將if省去，但要倒裝。如：
Had you (If you had)invited us， we would have come to your party.
(2）混合時(shí)間條件句的用法：
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式，應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
�。�1)If she hadn’t trained so hard， she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去，主句敘述現(xiàn)在。) (fact: she has trained very hard， so she would able to run fast.)
�。�2）You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在，從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced )reading and speaking it every day， so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3）在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的。用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞�！比纾� She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病，在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的.應(yīng)用
(（1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省)+動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。 句型一、It is necessary (important， natural， strange， etc)that…
句型二、It is a pity (a shame， no wonder， etc)that… 句型三、It is suggested (requested， proposed， desired， etc)that…
如：It is strange that he (should)have done that. It is a pity that he (should)be so careless. It is requested that we (should)be so careless.
(2）在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest， propose， move， insist， desire， demand， request， order， command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should)go swimming.
(3）在表語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion， proposal， request， orders， idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如： His suggestion is that we (should)leave at once. （4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如： We received order that the work be done at once.
�。�5)在It is time that…句型中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形"，should不可省。如： Its time (that)we went ( should go)to school.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)4
作狀語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，作表語(yǔ)，作賓補(bǔ)
1.副詞的排列順序
1)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位在前，大單位在后
2)方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。
3)多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞
注意：副詞very可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞
副詞enough要放在形容詞或副詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
2副詞比較等級(jí)
其變化規(guī)則與形容詞比較等級(jí)變化規(guī)則相同。 但副詞的最高級(jí)前一般不加定冠詞the.
3辨析：
1)how long, how soon, how ofen, how far
how long: “多久，多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，對(duì)一個(gè)持續(xù)的`時(shí)間段提問(wèn)，常對(duì)“for+時(shí)間段”和“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。
how soon: “多快，多久以后”，對(duì)一個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作提問(wèn)，用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)的句子中，常對(duì)“in+時(shí)間段”進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。
how often: “多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間一次”，對(duì)頻率提問(wèn)，常對(duì)“once，twice,three times a week”等提問(wèn)。 how far: “多遠(yuǎn)”，對(duì)距離提問(wèn)。
2)hard和hardly
hard “努力地，辛苦地，劇烈地，猛烈地”，是程度副詞。 hardly ：“幾乎不”，是否定副詞。
3)much too 和too much
much too “非常，極其，太” 修飾形容詞或副詞原級(jí) too much “太多” 修飾不可數(shù)名詞
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)5
一、詞類(lèi)、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：
1、詞類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：()
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)
3、構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：
1、專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱(chēng)。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
�、僭趩螖�(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
�、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
�、芤詅或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書(shū))
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
�、� ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
�、� “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
1、和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
�、� 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
�、� 如果表示其中的'所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)
數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What‘(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú)；fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫(xiě)信)
3、人稱(chēng)代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱(chēng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如： .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒？) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱(chēng)代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱(chēng)代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書(shū))
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)6
1，一般加s，例如：pen---pens
2，以s，sh，ch，x結(jié)尾加es，例如：bus—buses，brush—brushes，watch—watches，box—boxes
3，以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，去掉y為I加es例如：baby---babies
4，以f，fe結(jié)尾，去掉f，fe加ves life---lives，leaf---leaves
5，以有生命的o結(jié)尾加es例如：hero---heroes，tomato---tomatoes，potato---potatoes，mango---mangoes
6，復(fù)合名詞遇見(jiàn)man，woman兩個(gè)詞時(shí)，兩個(gè)名詞都要加復(fù)數(shù)A man teacher---two men teachers
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)7
每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學(xué)生在初中階段所學(xué)的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語(yǔ)、句型和語(yǔ)法等方面的知識(shí)及其它的之間的靈活運(yùn)用能力。
Ⅰ.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個(gè)完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求(有時(shí)沒(méi)有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個(gè)句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來(lái)完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.題型分類(lèi)
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換;②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換;③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換;④為糾正常犯語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤而設(shè)計(jì)的題目。
從內(nèi)容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉(zhuǎn)換;②句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;③語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、�.具體分類(lèi)如下
一、陳述句與疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň�，大部分是用not來(lái)改變謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問(wèn)句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少，來(lái)判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問(wèn)句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性，來(lái)確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。
根據(jù)上句，寫(xiě)出一個(gè)意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類(lèi)形式繁多，內(nèi)容復(fù)雜，涉及面廣，歸類(lèi)如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。(通常上下句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致)。
常見(jiàn)的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個(gè)“花費(fèi)”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個(gè)“到達(dá)”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個(gè)“收到…來(lái)信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個(gè)“擅長(zhǎng)于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個(gè)“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個(gè)“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個(gè)“玩得開(kāi)心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學(xué)”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會(huì)…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車(chē)/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車(chē)去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨(dú)自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。常見(jiàn)的同義句型有①I(mǎi)t seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞不能與時(shí)間段連用，必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
�、俸e語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
②由when/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
�、塾蓅o…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
�、苡蓅o that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
�、萦蒪ecause 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
�、薅ㄕZ(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依靠近它的主語(yǔ)而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)。
7、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的互變。
“主動(dòng)”變“被動(dòng)”實(shí)行“三變二不變”原則�！叭儭奔词侵髡Z(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的變化，“二不變”即時(shí)態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動(dòng)詞make或感觀性動(dòng)詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中所帶省to的不定式賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級(jí)之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
�、�.解題指導(dǎo)
要做好句型轉(zhuǎn)換題，必須注意如下幾點(diǎn)：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語(yǔ)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點(diǎn)，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關(guān)系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問(wèn)題，突破難點(diǎn)，注意復(fù)查，看是否按要求完成了轉(zhuǎn)換。
通過(guò)上述的歸納和指導(dǎo)，可以理清學(xué)生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養(yǎng)成“有條不紊”的解題習(xí)慣，培養(yǎng)多角度思維解題的能力，從而達(dá)到提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的目的。
特殊疑問(wèn)句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成。
2、特殊疑問(wèn)詞在句中充當(dāng)成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調(diào)。
5、常用疑問(wèn)詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)。(把各句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡?wèn)句)
1、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(人)提問(wèn)：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(人)提問(wèn)：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對(duì)介賓(人)提問(wèn)：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(人)提問(wèn)：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對(duì)間賓(人)提問(wèn)：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對(duì)主語(yǔ)(東西)提問(wèn)：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對(duì)表語(yǔ)(東西)提問(wèn)：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對(duì)動(dòng)賓(東西)提問(wèn)：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對(duì)職業(yè)(提問(wèn))提問(wèn)：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對(duì)介賓(東西)提問(wèn)：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對(duì)是什么提問(wèn)：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果提問(wèn)：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對(duì)年級(jí)提問(wèn)：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對(duì)班級(jí)提問(wèn)：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對(duì)年級(jí)和班級(jí)提問(wèn)：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對(duì)排提問(wèn):
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對(duì)年級(jí)、班級(jí)、排提問(wèn)時(shí)，問(wèn)句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫(xiě)形式.
3,what根據(jù)實(shí)際譯為漢語(yǔ).
17、對(duì)學(xué)號(hào)提問(wèn):
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對(duì)顏色提問(wèn):
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對(duì)幾點(diǎn)幾分提問(wèn):
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對(duì)名字提問(wèn):
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對(duì)前置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名物代)提問(wèn):
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)提問(wèn):
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對(duì)主語(yǔ)(名物代)提問(wèn):
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(形物代)提問(wèn):
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對(duì)定語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問(wèn):
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對(duì)表語(yǔ)(名詞所有格)提問(wèn)：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對(duì)身體提問(wèn)：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對(duì)年齡提問(wèn)：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對(duì)天氣提問(wèn)：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對(duì)語(yǔ)言提問(wèn)：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對(duì)方式提問(wèn)：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對(duì)程度提問(wèn)：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn)：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對(duì)價(jià)格提問(wèn)：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對(duì)價(jià)格提問(wèn)，be 應(yīng)根據(jù)后面的主語(yǔ)而定。
2，單位yuan在問(wèn)句中去掉。
38、對(duì)距離提問(wèn)：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對(duì)長(zhǎng)度提問(wèn)：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對(duì)for+一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
41、對(duì)星期提問(wèn)：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對(duì)in+一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對(duì)頻度副詞提問(wèn)：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對(duì)范圍內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問(wèn)：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對(duì)寬度提問(wèn)：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因?yàn)椤钡倪B詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對(duì)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn)：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對(duì)幾月幾日提問(wèn)：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對(duì)種類(lèi)(后置定語(yǔ))提問(wèn)：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對(duì)作什么提問(wèn)：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，容易判斷錯(cuò)的情況。
1、 數(shù)詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時(shí)間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價(jià)格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長(zhǎng)度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長(zhǎng)度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換的九種類(lèi)型
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題是近幾年中考英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)�？碱}型，其出題形式通常是同時(shí)給出兩個(gè)句子，第一句完整，第二句中設(shè)有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組，使第二句的`意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語(yǔ)法、詞匯、短語(yǔ)或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)等知識(shí)，要求運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞匯、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)填寫(xiě)句子，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、邏輯合理、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)無(wú)誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年的中考英語(yǔ)試題中同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中考英語(yǔ)同義句轉(zhuǎn)換題主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面：
一、運(yùn)用同義詞(組)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
用同義詞或同義詞組對(duì)原句中的某些詞或詞組進(jìn)行替換，注意轉(zhuǎn)換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應(yīng)。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運(yùn)用反義詞(組)的否定式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達(dá)與原句相同的意思，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒(méi)有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結(jié)構(gòu)與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)也可構(gòu)成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義句。
三、運(yùn)用不同語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換同義詞，但此時(shí)要特別注意時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動(dòng)句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，因此助動(dòng)詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，助動(dòng)詞用are。
四、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換
即非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，此時(shí)往往會(huì)涉及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時(shí)間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞后，則可連用一段時(shí)間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，“for+時(shí)間段”表示“持續(xù)(一段時(shí)間)”，常用在含有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動(dòng)詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運(yùn)用不同引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
即將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)或?qū)㈤g接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成直接引語(yǔ)。此時(shí)還要注意相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)、動(dòng)詞、狀語(yǔ)等相應(yīng)的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問(wèn)句的直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)。
六、運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將簡(jiǎn)單句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的簡(jiǎn)單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語(yǔ)從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語(yǔ)because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)，原句的that從句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，改寫(xiě)句中的不定式仍表結(jié)果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成賓語(yǔ)從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)為after引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)。
七、運(yùn)用并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
即將并列句變成同義的復(fù)合句或?qū)?fù)合句變成同義的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連接或合并句子
即運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。此時(shí)要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)總是用復(fù)數(shù)，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常應(yīng)與靠近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個(gè)否定結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
這類(lèi)典型結(jié)構(gòu)如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)8
形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法
(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…幾倍”。
Tom is taller than Kate.湯姆比凱特高。
This room is three times bigger than that>這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)大三倍。
(2)“甲+實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+(倍數(shù))+副詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…幾倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我媽媽還早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)9
一、need和dare的用法
need和dare既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。
1、用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要來(lái)嗎? --需要。 You neednt telephone him now.你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。
I dont think you need worry.我想你不必發(fā)愁。
She dare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去。
How dare you say Im unfair?你竟敢說(shuō)我不公平?
Not one of them dared mention this.他們誰(shuí)也不敢提這件事。
2、用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
You dont need to do it yourself.你不必親自做這件事。
We need to tell them the news.我們需要把這消息告訴他們。
The table needs painting (to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。
We should dare to give our own opinion.我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
He did not dare (to) look up.他不敢抬頭看。
I dare day hell come again.我想他會(huì)再來(lái)的'。(I dare say…為固定習(xí)語(yǔ))
二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完完成這項(xiàng)工作的。
He isnt here. He must have missed the train.他還未到，一定是沒(méi)趕上火車(chē)。 Where can (could) he gone?他能到那里去了呢?
You may (might) have read about it.你可能在報(bào)上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。 You could (might) have been more careful.你本來(lái)可以更細(xì)心的。
He neednt have worried it.他本不必為此事?lián)摹?/p>
There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚會(huì)非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該來(lái)，為何不來(lái)呢?
三、動(dòng)詞be(is,am,are)的`用法
我(I)用am,你(you)用are，is跟著他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。單數(shù)名詞用is，復(fù)數(shù)名詞全用are。變否定，更容易，be后not加上去。變疑問(wèn)，往前提，句末問(wèn)號(hào)莫丟棄。還有一條須注意，句首大寫(xiě)莫忘記。
四、 this，that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代詞，it是人稱(chēng)代詞。
(2)距離說(shuō)話人近的人或物用this,距離說(shuō)話人遠(yuǎn)的人或物用that。如：
This is a flower.這是一朵花。(近處)
That is a tree.那是一棵樹(shù)。(遠(yuǎn)處)
(3)放在一起的兩樣?xùn)|西，先說(shuō)this,后說(shuō)that。如：
This is a pen. That is a pencil.這是一支鋼筆。那是一支鉛筆。
(4)向別人介紹某人時(shí)說(shuō)This is…,不說(shuō)That is…。如：
This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom.這是海倫。海倫，這是湯姆。
(5)This is不能縮寫(xiě),而That is可以縮寫(xiě)。如：
This is a bike. That’s a car.這是一輛自行車(chē)。那是一輛轎車(chē)。
(6)打電話時(shí)，介紹自己用this,詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方用that。如：
—Hello! Is that Miss Green?喂，是格林小姐嗎?
—Yes, this is. Who’s that?是的，我是，你是誰(shuí)?
注意：雖然漢語(yǔ)中使用“我”和“你”，但英語(yǔ)中打電話時(shí)絕不可以說(shuō)：I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?
(7)在回答this或that作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),要用it代替this或that。如：
�、佟狪s this a notebook?這是筆記本嗎?
—Yes, it is.是的，它是。
②—What’s that?那是什么?
—It’s a kite.是只風(fēng)箏。
五、these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代詞，these是this的復(fù)數(shù)形式，指時(shí)間、距離較近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的復(fù)數(shù)形式，指時(shí)間、距離較遠(yuǎn)或前面已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或事物。
�、賂his is my bed. That is Lily’s bed.這是我的床。那是莉莉的床。
�、赥hese pictures are good.那些畫(huà)很好。
�、� Are those apple trees?那些是蘋(píng)果樹(shù)嗎?
在回答主語(yǔ)是these或those的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，通常用they代替these或those以避免重復(fù)。如：
Are these/those your apples?這些(那些)是你的蘋(píng)果嗎?
Yes, they are.是的，他們是。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)10
1. …as soon as…一…就…
Mary一見(jiàn)到她弟弟就會(huì)告訴他這個(gè)消息。
Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as he sees him.
我們一到那兒就去爬山了。
We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.
2. as + adj./adv.+ as… …和…一樣(的/地)…
not as(so)…as… …不如/不比… ….
李雷和吉母跑得一樣快。
Li Lei runs as fast as Jim.
約翰和你的年齡不一樣大。
John is not as (so) old as you.
這部電視劇不如那部有趣。(TV series)
This TV series is not as (so) interesting as that one.
3. as +adj./adv.+ as possible盡可能…的/地…
我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)課上應(yīng)該盡可能地多講英語(yǔ)。
We should speak English as much as possible in English class.
你能不能盡可能慢一些讀這個(gè)句子?
Can you read the sentence as slowly as possible?
4. ask sb for sth向某人要求某物
當(dāng)你迷路時(shí)，你可以向警察需求幫助。
When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.
一些學(xué)生經(jīng)常向父母要錢(qián)去玩電子游戲。(video games)
Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.
他向父母要一輛自行車(chē)作為生日禮物。
He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.
5. ask/ tell sb. (how) to do sth詢(xún)問(wèn)/告訴某人如何做某事
許多學(xué)生經(jīng)常問(wèn)老師如何才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.
讓我來(lái)告訴你如何發(fā)郵件。
Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.
6. ask / tell /want sb (not) to do sth.要求(讓)/告訴/想要某人做(不做)某事
護(hù)士告訴我服用此藥需一日三次，飯后服用。
The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.
老師經(jīng)常告訴我要更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。
The teacher often tells me to study harder.
他讓我不要再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
He asked me not to make the same mistake again.
7. make/ let /have sb. (not) do sth使/讓某人做(不做)某事
他使得孩子哭得很厲害。
He made the child cry loudly.
昨天他使我在影院門(mén)口等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
He made me wait for long (for a long time) at the gate of the cinema yesterday.
直到我們做完了作業(yè),媽媽才讓我們?nèi)ネ媲颉?/p>
Mother didn’t let us play football until we finished our homework.
那個(gè)老板迫使工人們每天工作10小時(shí)。
That boss made the workers work (for) ten hours a day.
8. be afraid of doing / to do/that害怕/不敢做某事
這個(gè)小女孩不敢晚上出去。
The little girl is afraid to go out in the evening / at night.
他害怕獨(dú)自呆在家里。
He is afraid of staying at home alone.
許多人擔(dān)心他們會(huì)失去工作。(be afraid that)
Many people are afraid that they will lose their jobs.
9. be busy with sth. / doing sth.忙于某事/做某事
現(xiàn)在學(xué)生們忙于準(zhǔn)備考試。
Now students are busy preparing for the exams.
昨天下午媽媽都在忙著做家務(wù)。(兩種)
Mother was busy with housework yesterday afternoon.
Mother was busy doing housework yesterday afternoon.
10. be famous / late /ready / sorry for sth.
因…而著名/ (做)…遲到了/晚了/為…準(zhǔn)備/為…而抱歉
如果你不快點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)上班遲到。
If you don’t hurry, you will be late for work.
杭州以絲綢而出名。
Hangzhou is famous for silk.
我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好迎接奧運(yùn)會(huì)了。
We have been ready for the Olympic Games.
我為我的錯(cuò)誤而抱歉。
I am sorry for my mistake.
11. be glad that很高興…
我很高興你能來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
I am very glad that you can come to the evening party.
老師很高興我們班得了第一名。
The teacher was very glad that our class was the first / won the first prize.
12. give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/ tell / offer sth to sb
buy/give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/ tell sb. sth
給某人某物;給某人看某物;給某人帶來(lái)某物;借給某人某物;送給某人某物;遞給某人某物;把某事告訴給某人;主動(dòng)給某人某物
請(qǐng)遞給我一張紙。
Please pass me a piece of paper.
=Please pass a piece of paper to me.
請(qǐng)把你的畫(huà)給我看看。
Please show me your picture.
=Please show your picture to me
他借給我一輛自行車(chē)。
He lent me a bike.
=He lent a bike to me.
別忘了下次來(lái)給我?guī)c(diǎn)兒錢(qián)。
Don’t forget to bring me some money when you come here next time.
= Don’t forget to bring some money to me when you come here next time.
13. either…or…或…或…,不是…就是…,要么…要么…
不是你，就是他是對(duì)的。
Either you or he is right. V.就近原則
每個(gè)周末，我們要么去公園，要么呆在家里。
We either go to a park or stay at home every weekend. (at/on weekends.)
要了解世界，人們既可以讀報(bào)紙，也可以看電視。
People can either read newspapers or watch TV to get to know the world.
14. neither…nor…既不…也不…,兩者都不…
我和他都沒(méi)有讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
Neither he nor I have ever read this book. V.就近原則
這個(gè)女孩已經(jīng)十歲了，但她既不會(huì)讀書(shū)，也不會(huì)寫(xiě)字。
The girl is already ten, but she can neither read nor write.
15. enjoy/ finish/mind/ keep/ practise/go on doing sth.
享受做…之樂(lè);做完某事;介意做某事;一直做某事;練習(xí)做某事;繼續(xù)做…
我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常練習(xí)講英語(yǔ)。
We should often practice speaking English.
我奶奶一直堅(jiān)持早晨鍛煉身體已經(jīng)有十年了。
My grandma has kept doing exercise in the morning for ten years.
16. find /think / feel + it + adj. (for sb.)to do sth.發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/覺(jué)得做某事如何
越來(lái)越多的人發(fā)現(xiàn)吃太多漢堡包不利于健康。
More and more people have found it unhealthy to eat too many hamburgers.
很多大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)在大學(xué)中交友很難。
A lot of students have found it very hard to make friends at college.
17. get + adj.的比較級(jí)+ and + adj.的.比較級(jí)變得越來(lái)越…
地球變得越來(lái)越暖和了。
It gets warmer and warmer on the earth.
春天到了，天氣變得越來(lái)越熱了。
Spring is coming and it’s getting warmer and warmer.
北京變得越來(lái)越美麗了。
Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful.
18. The + adj./adv.的比較級(jí)，the + adj./adv.的比較級(jí)。越...,就越…。
天氣越冷,人們穿得就越多。
The colder it is, the more people wear.
我們種的樹(shù)越多,空氣就會(huì)越干凈。
The more trees we plant, the cleaner the air will be.
英語(yǔ)，我們練習(xí)得越多，說(shuō)得就越好。
The more we practice speaking English, the better we can speak.
你越強(qiáng)健，患感冒的機(jī)會(huì)就越少。
The stronger you are, the less chance you will catch a cold.
19. It is +序數(shù)詞+ adj./adv.的最高級(jí)+ n.
黃河是中國(guó)第二長(zhǎng)的河流。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
他是我們班跑得第二快的。
He runs the second fastest in our class.
20. one of the +最高級(jí)+ n. (pl.)是最…之一者
姚明是世界上最好的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一。
Yao Ming is one of the best basketball players in the world.
三亞是中國(guó)最美麗的城市之一。
Sanya is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)11
動(dòng)詞不定式：to +動(dòng)詞原形+sth
做主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候：
It is good to study English well學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)好是很好的事情=To study English well is good
做賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候：動(dòng)詞詞組：動(dòng)詞+to do sth
I want to do housework我想要做家務(wù)
做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的.時(shí)候：
I ask you to do homework我叫你去寫(xiě)作業(yè)
I believe it good to learn English well我相信學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I think it good to learn English well我認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I find it good to learn English well我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I discover it good to learn English well我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好
I feel it good to learn English well我感覺(jué)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I make it good to learn English well我使得學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)12
不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒(méi)有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
不定式的`用法
1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(yǔ)(形式主語(yǔ)it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，即不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，通�？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式。
及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代(副)詞+不定式這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有advise，decide，find out，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。
常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代(副)詞有：what，when，where，which，how，whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)13
名詞指代物體、事物和人，例如：電腦、椅子、沙灘、門(mén)警等等。名詞是英語(yǔ)中八大詞類(lèi)之一。指代物體的可數(shù)名詞有兩種形式：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式。本篇關(guān)于名詞復(fù)數(shù)的指南可以幫助你理解名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則形式和不規(guī)則形式。在英語(yǔ)中，需要學(xué)習(xí)的還有動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則形式、以及與名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式很相似的`形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
普通的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式——加上-s
對(duì)于大多數(shù)名詞來(lái)說(shuō)，只需要在詞尾加上-s。
單數(shù)名詞+s=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
computer -> computers
(電腦)
bag -> bags
(包)
book -> books
(書(shū))
table -> tables
(桌)
house -> houses
(房子)
car -> cars
(汽車(chē))
student -> students
(學(xué)生)
place -> places
(地點(diǎn))
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式-以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞
以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞，去掉y，詞尾加上ies。
以y結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+ies=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
baby -> babies
(寶貝)
party -> parties
(聚會(huì))
paddy -> paddies
(稻田)
hobby -> hobbies
(習(xí)慣)
lady -> ladies
(女士)
ferry -> ferries
(渡輪)
sherry -> sherries
(雪莉酒)
dandy -> dandies
(花花公子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加上es。
以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結(jié)尾的名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)名詞
beach -> beaches
(沙灘)
box -> boxes
(箱子)
church -> churches
(教堂)
buzz -> buzzes
(嗡嗡聲)
loss -> losses
(損失)
fox -> foxes
(狐貍)
watch -> watches
(手表)
dress -> dresses
(裙子)
不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式——以o結(jié)尾的名詞
許多以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞，o后面會(huì)在s前再加上一個(gè)e。
不幸的是，也有很多以o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)。首先，這里有一些需要做出改動(dòng)的例子。
以輔音+o結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞+es=復(fù)數(shù)形式
tomato -> tomatoes
(番茄)
hero -> heroes
(英雄)
zero -> zeroes
(零)
potato -> potatoes
(土豆)
echo -> echoes
(回聲)
其他以輔音+0結(jié)尾的名詞不需要在詞尾加上-es。
以元音+o結(jié)尾的名詞不需要做出改動(dòng)
kilo -> kilos
(公斤)
radio -> radios
(收音機(jī))
logo -> logos
(邏輯)
piano -> pianos
(鋼琴)
solo -> solos
(獨(dú)奏曲)
cargo -> cargos
(貨物)
halo -> halos
(光暈)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)14
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.賓語(yǔ)從句的含義
在主句中做賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道這位老師看過(guò)這部電影。
“that the teacher had seen the
film”做knew的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的從句，所以它叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)
(1)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的.書(shū)法最好。
(2)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你剛才說(shuō)的話。
(3)形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句：顧名思義，它是位于形容詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要遲到了。
3.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
(1)that：沒(méi)有含義，在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分
(2)whether/if：表示是否，在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分。
I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many
years.我不知道這么多年后，他是否還住在這里。
(3)連接代詞：what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主、賓、表和定語(yǔ))
連接副詞：where, when, how, why(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ))
The small children don t know what is in their
stockings.(what在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ))這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長(zhǎng)筒襪里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this
morning?(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ))你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開(kāi)會(huì)遲到嗎?
4.在做賓語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)
(1)時(shí)態(tài)：
�、佼�(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
②當(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句必須是一種過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
�、郛�(dāng)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理的句子做賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，任何時(shí)候都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)過(guò)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)語(yǔ)序：任何從句都使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)然也不例外。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)15
知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一、 形容詞是用來(lái)描寫(xiě)或修飾名詞或代詞，說(shuō)明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)的， 形容詞往往被譯成“···的”。用法如下:
1.做定語(yǔ)。e.g. This is an old house.
2.做表語(yǔ)。e.g.I am sorry to hear that.
3.做賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)。e.g.She made her mother angry.
4.形容詞在句中的位置。 形容詞做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，放在名詞前面。修飾不定代詞時(shí)要放在不定代詞之后。
e.g.She is a clever girl.
I saw something white in the water.
5.某些形容詞前加上定冠詞the,可以代表一類(lèi)人或東西，可以用作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)等。做主語(yǔ)時(shí)當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待。
e.g.The old are well looked after.
We all love the beautiful.
二、 形容詞的等級(jí)變化
在英語(yǔ)中形容詞有原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)之分。原級(jí)就是它們的原形，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。
�。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化
1.規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞
(1)一般在詞尾加er,est. hard---harder---hardest great---greater---greatest
(2)以字母e結(jié)尾的加r,st. nice---nicer----nicest able---abler----ablest
(3)重讀閉音節(jié)中末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，雙寫(xiě)輔音字母，再加er,est.
big---bigger---biggest （另外還有fat， red，hot,wet,sad,mad ,thin )
(4) 以 -y 結(jié)尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是把 -y 去掉,加 上 -ier 和-est 構(gòu)成. happy (原形) happier (比較級(jí)) happiest (最高級(jí))
(5)雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來(lái)構(gòu)成。
例如： beautiful (原級(jí)) difficult (原級(jí))
more beautiful (比較級(jí)) more difficult (比較級(jí))
most beautiful (最高級(jí)) most difficult (最高級(jí))
2、 常用的不規(guī)則變化的形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí):
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
三、形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法:
1、形容詞的比較級(jí)用于兩個(gè)人或事物的比較,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式如下:
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+ 形容詞比較級(jí)+than+ 對(duì)比成分。例如：Our teacher is taller than we are. 我們老師的個(gè)子比我們的高。
比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet , any, much, rather, a little, a lot, by far等修飾語(yǔ)用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣或表示比較程度。
2、形容詞最高級(jí)的.用法: 形容詞最高級(jí)用于兩個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較,形容詞最高級(jí) 前必須加the,后面多用of……， in……短語(yǔ)表示范圍：其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+表示范圍的短語(yǔ)或從句。
She is the best student in her class. 她是班上最好的學(xué)生。
He is the tallest of the three boys.他是三個(gè)男孩中最高的一個(gè)。
四、 有關(guān)比較等級(jí)的特殊句型及應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題
1. “比較級(jí) ＋ and + 比較級(jí)”或“more and more / less and less + 原級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來(lái)越……”的意思，與這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get, become等。
She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.她覺(jué)得自己越來(lái)越緊張。
it's getting colder and colder.天氣越來(lái)越冷。
2. the + 比較級(jí) + of the two + 名詞。表示“兩個(gè)中較···的一個(gè)'
Jane is the taller of the two children in our family. Jane是我家兩個(gè)孩子中較高的。
3. “the + 比較級(jí)……，the + 比較級(jí)……”，表示“越……，越……”。
The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.你賣(mài)的雜志越多，你掙的錢(qián)就越多。
4.“．．．a(chǎn)s + 形容詞 + as．．．”或“．．．a(chǎn)s + 形容詞 + 名詞 + as．．．”構(gòu)成，表示同等比較。
常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于形容詞的考查，多以單選或詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的形式考查學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)境中靈活運(yùn)用形容詞的能力，尤其是在各種比較句型中靈活運(yùn)用形容詞。
例如： Which month is____, June, July or August?
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest
解析：三者及以上比較用最高級(jí)形式，形容詞最高級(jí)前必須加the，所以應(yīng)用the hottest
誤區(qū)提醒
在分辨比較等級(jí)時(shí)，對(duì)于易混淆形容詞、副詞，要謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待。
典型例題：Don't just believe the ad.That kind of camera is it says.
A.as good as B.not so good as C.as well as D.not as well as
解析：根據(jù)第二句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be可以確定空白處缺少表語(yǔ)。此處的表語(yǔ)應(yīng)由形容詞充當(dāng)，而 well表示“好”是副詞，因此排除 C和D；根據(jù)第一句的意思我們可以知道說(shuō)話者的觀點(diǎn)，故此排除A.
答案：B
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