初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
總結(jié)是事后對(duì)某一階段的學(xué)習(xí)、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析的一種書面材料,它可以有效鍛煉我們的語(yǔ)言組織能力,因此我們需要回頭歸納,寫一份總結(jié)了?偨Y(jié)你想好怎么寫了嗎?下面是小編精心整理的初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié),僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 1
一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法:
1、詞類:英語(yǔ)詞類分十種:
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.): 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如:a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.): 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分:英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。
如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如:()
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如:They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里?)
3、構(gòu)詞法:英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名詞:①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞:
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:
、僭趩螖(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。
如:
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]:
① ’s還可以表示某人的.家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所)
、 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題:
1、和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
、 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)
數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting.
(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),
謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如:(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名 詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What‘(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問(wèn)題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語(yǔ)中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如: .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒?) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12點(diǎn)) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如:
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 2
1、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有when/while/as/as soon as/until/not…untill/before/after/since等。
例如:
When you leave,please take a raincoat with you.
As soon as she got home,she began to make dinner.
注意:
(1)while意為“當(dāng)…期間”,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:
Take notes while you are listening to the teacher.
(2)while側(cè)重主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)與從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的對(duì)比,常譯為“而”。
例如:
He is a worker while I am a student.
(3)not…until,直到……才,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞而且主句是否定式,從句為肯定式。
例如:
He did not go to bed until his mother came.
(4)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。
例如:
Mr smith will telephone you when he returns.
2、原因狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有:because/as/since等。
例如:
His sister is in bed because she is ill.
注意:含原因狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句,有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為用so連接的并列句,故because和so不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中。
例如:
He did not come here because he was busy.
He was busy,so he did not come here.
3、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有where或wherever.
例如:
Where there is no air or water,noboday can live.
4、條件狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的'連詞有if/unless等。
(1)在含有if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,主句謂語(yǔ)部分通常含有will/shall或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:
We will go for a picnic if it dose not rain tomorrow.
(2)if……not常譯作“如果不…”,相當(dāng)于unless,unless含有否定意義,譯作“假如不”,“除非”。
例如:
例如:
You will fail if you do not work hard.
You will fail unless you work hard.
(3)用if改寫“祈使句+and+簡(jiǎn)單句”這一句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的祈使句時(shí),要在祈使句前加if you,并去掉并列連詞and.
例如:
Study hard,and you will catch up with us.
If you study hard,you will catch up with us.
(4)用if……not改寫“祈使句+or+簡(jiǎn)單句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的祈使句時(shí),要變祈使句為否定的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,并去掉or.
例如:
Hurry,or you won′t catch the bus.
If you study hard ,you will catch up with us.
5、目的和結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有so that;引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有so …that…,such…that….
(1)so是副詞,修飾形容詞或副詞。
So +adj/adv+that
例如:the shoes are so small that I can not wear them.
(2)such是形容詞,修飾名詞。
Such+a/an+adj+n(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))+that…
Such+adj+n(不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))+that…
例如:
She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.可改為:she is so lovely a girl that we all like her.
(3)如果名詞前是表示多少的many/much/few/little等詞時(shí)要用so.
例如:
I have so much money that we all like her.
(4)so …that的主從復(fù)合句在轉(zhuǎn)換為簡(jiǎn)單句時(shí),可選用下列四種結(jié)構(gòu)。
Too…to do sth too…for sb to do
…enough to do sth enough for sb to do
例如:
Tom is so young that he can not join the army.
Tom is too young to join the army./tom is not old enough to jion the army.
The milk is so cool that we can drink it.
The milk is cool enough for us to drink.
6、比較狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有as…as,than等。
(1)表示甲乙在某一個(gè)方面相同時(shí),用as+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as結(jié)構(gòu),表示甲在某一個(gè)方面不如乙時(shí),用“not as/so+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+as”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
John is as clever as tom.
He dose not run as/so fast as you .
(2)表示甲程度高于乙時(shí),用“形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)+than引導(dǎo)的”從句結(jié)構(gòu)。
He si taller than I .
(3)兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象要對(duì)等,即“應(yīng)是句子中的同等成分進(jìn)行比較”。
例如:
The weather in south is always hotter than that in north.
7、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有though,although等。
例如:
They kept working on the farm though it was raining hard.=it was raining hard,but they kept working on the farm.
注意:though/although不能與并列連詞but同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 3
一、表示時(shí)間的介詞
時(shí)間介詞有in , on,at,after,since,during,by,before,after,until等,前三個(gè)介詞用法有個(gè)口訣:at午夜、點(diǎn)與分,上午、下午、晚用in。
年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周,之前加上介詞in。
將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)多久后,這些情形亦用in。
日子、日期、年月日,星期之前要用on。
其余幾組常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間介詞辨析如下辨析如下:
1、時(shí)間介詞in與after的用法辨析
介詞in +一段時(shí)間用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如:We’ll go to school in two weeks.
介詞after +一段時(shí)間用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:My mother came home after half an hour.
介詞after +時(shí)間點(diǎn)常用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
2、時(shí)間介詞for與since的用法辨析
介詞for表示一段時(shí)間如:I have been living here for 10 years.
介詞since表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以來(lái)如:I have been living here since 20xx.
3、時(shí)間介詞before與by的用法辨析
介詞before表示“在…之前”如:He won’t come back before five .
介詞by表示“到…時(shí)為止,不遲于…”如:The work must be finished by Friday.
4、時(shí)間介詞during與for的用法辨析
當(dāng)所指的時(shí)間起止分明時(shí)用介詞during如:He swims every day during the summer.
如果一段時(shí)間不明確則用介詞for如:I haven’t seen her for years.
5、時(shí)間介詞till與until用法的異同
till和until用在肯定句中,均可表示“直到…為止”,如:I will wait till(until)seven oclock.
till和until用在否定句中,均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。
如:Tom didnt come back till(until)midnight.
till多用于普通文體,而until則用于多種文體,并且在句子開頭時(shí),用until而不用till如:Until he comes back,nothing can be done.
注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every等詞之前一律不用介詞。
二、表示方位的介詞
常用的表示方位的介詞用法及辨析如下:
1、方位介詞on, over, above的用法辨析
介詞on表示一物放在另一物上面,兩者緊貼在一起,如:The book is on the table.
介詞over表示一種垂直懸空的上下關(guān)系,即“在…上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river?
介詞above表示一般的“高于…”,“在…之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed.
2、方位介詞under與below的`用法辨析
介詞under是over的反義詞即“在…下方”,如:They were seen under the tree.
介詞below是above的反義詞即“低于…”,“在…之下”,如:They live below us.
3、方位介詞across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析
介詞across著重于“從一頭或一邊到另一頭或另一邊”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從表面穿過(guò)。
如:She went across the street to make some purchases.
介詞through著重于“穿越”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從一定的空間內(nèi)穿過(guò)。
如:The sunlight was coming in through the window.
介詞over多表示從“上方越過(guò)”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
介詞past表示從“面前經(jīng)過(guò)”,如:Someone has just gone past the window.
4、地點(diǎn)介詞at與in的用法辨析
介詞at表示較小的地方,如家、村、鄉(xiāng)村等,如:He lives at a small village.
介詞in表示較大的地方,如大城市、國(guó)家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing.
5、表示東南西北的時(shí)候,地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、to的用法辨析
介詞in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China.
介詞on表示“緊鄰”如:Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
介詞to表示“沒(méi)接觸”如:France lies to the south of England.
三、表示方式、手段、或工具的介詞:by,in,on,with.
1、by,in,on,表示交通方式。用by時(shí),交通工具前不用任何詞;用in和on時(shí),交通工具前用冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞。例如by car=in a car,by bike=on a bike.
2、表示手段或工具,with后跟具體工具,如I write with a pen;in表示使用某種語(yǔ)言或墨水、顏色等原料,例如:in English.
四、介詞的固定搭配
across from在對(duì)面
look for尋找
look after照顧
get on with與某人相處
agree with同意(某人)
arrive at(in)到達(dá)
ask for詢問(wèn)
begin…with從……開始
believe in相信
break off打斷
break out爆發(fā)
bring down降低
bring in引進(jìn)
bring up教育,培養(yǎng)
build up建起
burn down燒光
call back回電話
call for要求約請(qǐng)
call on拜訪訪問(wèn)
care for喜歡
carry on繼續(xù)開展
carry out實(shí)行開展
check out查明結(jié)帳
come about發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生
come out出來(lái)
come to共計(jì)達(dá)到
compare…with與……比較
compare to比作
cut off切斷
date from始于
depend on依靠
devote to獻(xiàn)于
die out滅亡
divide up分配
dream of夢(mèng)想
fall off下降
fall over跌倒
feed on以……為食
get down to專心于
get through通過(guò)
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 4
I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
如:與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were to +動(dòng)詞原形,表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強(qiáng)表示“當(dāng)初沒(méi)想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時(shí)間條件句的.用法:
有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致。這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式,應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表達(dá)的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過(guò)去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過(guò)去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were )或had +過(guò)去分詞。”如:
She looked as if she were ill.(實(shí)際上她沒(méi)有病,在這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)語(yǔ)比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表現(xiàn)他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得好)
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) +動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或"should +動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如:
Its time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 5
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句,它的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。
1、定語(yǔ)從句的位置。
1)定語(yǔ)從句一般地說(shuō)要放在先行詞之后,無(wú)論這個(gè)詞在句中充當(dāng)何種成分。
The student who answered the question is bill.
2)有時(shí)先行詞后還有一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的詞或詞組時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句則應(yīng)放在上述成分之后。
Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?
2、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
1)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
關(guān)系代詞有who/whom/whose/that,關(guān)系副詞有when/where/why,它們除了引導(dǎo)從句的作用外,還要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用要看其在從句中發(fā)揮的作用,與主語(yǔ)沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系。
在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的有who/which/that.
在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的有whom/which/that.
在從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的.有whose.
在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的有when/where/why.
當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用who(主格),whom(賓格),也可以用that,以及whose(所有格),先行詞是物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用which,也可用that.whom/which/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)往往可以省略。
例如:
The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.
Do you know the man(whom)mr green shook hand with?
The letter(which)I received yesterday is from my sister.
Who is the man(that)is reading a magazine over there?
The book(that) you lent me is very ingteresting .
I will never forget the day when I joined the party.
Last year I went to the village where I was born.
This is the reason why she will go to london.
2)在先行詞相同的情況下,根據(jù)它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中所起的語(yǔ)法作用,可用不同的引導(dǎo)詞連接不同的定語(yǔ)從句。
例如:
This is the school where I students for six years.(school或student的狀語(yǔ))。
This is the school which he mentioned just now.(school作menttioned的賓語(yǔ)).
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 6
簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型
1.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”(即“主謂”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語(yǔ))“arrived”(謂語(yǔ))。
2.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語(yǔ))“study”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“English”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象)。
3.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our
teacher”(主語(yǔ))“教”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“us”(間接賓語(yǔ))“English”(直接賓語(yǔ))。
4.“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”(即“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語(yǔ))“asked”(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作)“her”(賓語(yǔ)即動(dòng)作涉及的.對(duì)象)“to go
there”(補(bǔ)語(yǔ)—補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)做什么)。
5.“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系動(dòng)詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,
look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語(yǔ))“am”(系動(dòng)詞)“a teacher”(表語(yǔ)—即表明主語(yǔ)的身份)。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 7
01、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞;②行為動(dòng)詞
否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加dont,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
一般疑問(wèn)句:①把be動(dòng)詞放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn),如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。
02、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
概念:過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1988, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):①be動(dòng)詞;②行為動(dòng)詞
否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
一般疑問(wèn)句:①was或were放于句首;②用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did提問(wèn),同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
03、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing
否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑問(wèn)句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。
04、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
概念:表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的'時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑問(wèn)句:把was或were放于句首。
05、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
一般疑問(wèn)句:have或has。
06、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
概念:以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑問(wèn)句:had放于句首。
07、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行為動(dòng)詞前加didnt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
一般疑問(wèn)句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
08、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
概念:立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,從過(guò)去看將來(lái),常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本結(jié)構(gòu):①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑問(wèn)句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 8
形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法
(1)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…幾倍”。
Tom is taller than Kate.湯姆比凱特高。
This room is three times bigger than that>這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)大三倍。
(2)“甲+實(shí)意動(dòng)詞+(倍數(shù))+副詞比較級(jí)+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…幾倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我媽媽還早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 9
動(dòng)詞不定式:to +動(dòng)詞原形+sth
做主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候:
It is good to study English well學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)好是很好的事情=To study English well is good
做賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候:動(dòng)詞詞組:動(dòng)詞+to do sth
I want to do housework我想要做家務(wù)
做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的時(shí)候:
I ask you to do homework我叫你去寫作業(yè)
I believe it good to learn English well我相信學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I think it good to learn English well我認(rèn)為學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的'
I find it good to learn English well我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I discover it good to learn English well我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好
I feel it good to learn English well我感覺(jué)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
I make it good to learn English well我使得學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是很好的
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 10
一,表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有:
and,both…and,neither…nor,either…or,not only…but also,as well as
1.a(chǎn)nd“和,并且”,連接對(duì)等的詞句。(在否定句中要用or連接。)
I like physics and chemistry.我喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
I don’t like physics or chemistry.我不喜歡物理和化學(xué)。
2.both…and“……和……都”
Both Jim and Mary went to the cinema yesterday.昨天吉姆和瑪麗都去看電影了。
Exercise is good both for body and for mind.運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于身心。
3.neither…nor兩者皆不
He neither smokes nor drinks.他既不抽煙又不喝酒。
I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜歡游泳,又不喜歡溜冰。
4.either…or不是…就是…,或者…或者….。
Either you come to the office now,or wait for me at home.
你要么現(xiàn)在到辦公室來(lái),要么就在家等著。
Either he or I will leave.不是他就是我將要離開。
5.not only…but(also)不但……而且……(not only…but also中的also可以省略。)
Not only she but also I am wrong.不但她錯(cuò)了,我也錯(cuò)了。
He not only made a promise,but kept it.他不僅許諾,而且做到了。
6.a(chǎn)s well as也、又
We will rescue Henry as well as you.除了你,我們還要營(yíng)救亨利。
He likes basketball as well as football.除了足球,他還喜歡籃球。
二、常用的從屬連詞:
。ㄒ唬┮龑(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有:when,while,since,until,after,before,as soon as
1.when當(dāng)……時(shí)
When we got there,the meeting had begun.我們到時(shí),會(huì)議已經(jīng)開始了。
It was raining when she arrived at the station.她到達(dá)車站時(shí),正在下雨。588.es
2.while正當(dāng)……時(shí),正在……時(shí)。(while引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,且常常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Don’t make any noise while others are reading.別人讀書時(shí)不要制造噪音。
She sang while she was walking.她邊走邊唱。
3.since自從
It’s just a month since we arrived here.我們到這兒剛好一月了。
My mother has been ill since I left home.自從我離開家我媽媽就一直生病。
4.until直到……為止
Until you told me,I knew nothing at all about it.在我告訴我之前,我對(duì)此之外無(wú)所知。
He didn’t appear until the meeting had begun.直到會(huì)議開始他才露面。
5.before在……之前
after在……之后
I’ll phone you after I arrive.我到達(dá)之后給你打電話。
Say goodbye before you go.你走之前要說(shuō)再見(jiàn)。
6.a(chǎn)s soon as一……就
I’ll visit you as soon as I come back.我一回來(lái)就去拜訪你。
Please tell him as soon as you see him.你一看見(jiàn)他就請(qǐng)告訴他。
。ǘ┮龑(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:because,since,as,for,now that
1.because因?yàn)?because與so不能并用。)
I can’t believe in him because he isn’t honest.我不能信任他,因?yàn)樗徽\(chéng)實(shí)。
She didn’t come because she didn’t know it.她沒(méi)有來(lái),因?yàn)樗恢馈?/p>
2.since既然
Since he says so,it must be true.既然他這么說(shuō),那一定是真的。
Since you ask,I will tell you.你既然問(wèn),我就告訴你。
3.a(chǎn)s因?yàn)椋捎?/p>
As we are hungry,let’s have supper.由于大家餓了,我們就吃晚飯吧。
Mother began to worry about my brother as it was getting dark.
由于天越來(lái)越黑,媽媽開始為哥哥著急。
4.for因?yàn)?/p>
We cant go for it is raining.我們不能走,因?yàn)檎谙掠辍?/p>
I enjoyed myself at the party for I knew all the guests well.
我在晚會(huì)上玩得很盡興,因?yàn)樗械?個(gè)人我都很熟悉。
5.now that既然
Now that he is unhappy,let’s leave him alone.既然他不高興,我們就讓他自己呆著吧。
Now that she feels sorry,please forgive her.既然她很后悔,就請(qǐng)?jiān)徦伞?/p>
。ㄈ┮龑(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so…that,such…that
1.so…that如此……以致
She is so tired that he can’t go any further.她太累了,不能再走了。
She is so big a cat that she can’t get into the hole.這貓?zhí)罅算@不進(jìn)這洞。
2.such…that如此……以致
It’s such a beautiful place that I wouldn’t come back.這地方太美了,令我留戀返。
It’s such a fine day that many people go to the park for fun.
天氣這么好,許多人都到公園里來(lái)玩樂(lè)。
(四)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:so that,in order that以便
They hurried so that they can get there on time.他們加快了速度,為的是能夠按時(shí)到達(dá)。
I hired a boat in order that I can go fishing.為了去釣魚,我租了條小船。
。ㄎ澹┮龑(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:than,as…as
He is taller than his brother.他比他兄弟高。
She could draw as well as her teacher.她能畫得跟她的老師一樣好。
。┮龑(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:though,although(though與although的用法基本一樣)
Although it rained hard,he still went out.盡管雨下得很大,他還是出去了。
Even though I have enough time,I don’t want to go there with him.
盡管我有時(shí)間,可我并不想跟他去那。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 11
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.賓語(yǔ)從句的含義
在主句中做賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道這位老師看過(guò)這部電影。
“that the teacher had seen the
film”做knew的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)又是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的`從句,所以它叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句的分類
(1)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書法最好。
(2)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你剛才說(shuō)的話。
(3)形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句:顧名思義,它是位于形容詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要遲到了。
3.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
(1)that:沒(méi)有含義,在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分
(2)whether/if:表示是否,在賓語(yǔ)從句中不做成分。
I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many
years.我不知道這么多年后,他是否還住在這里。
(3)連接代詞:what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主、賓、表和定語(yǔ))
連接副詞:where, when, how, why(在賓語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ))
The small children don t know what is in their
stockings.(what在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ))這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長(zhǎng)筒襪里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this
morning?(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ))你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開會(huì)遲到嗎?
4.在做賓語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)
(1)時(shí)態(tài):
、佼(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
、诋(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句必須是一種過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
、郛(dāng)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理的句子做賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),任何時(shí)候都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)過(guò)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)語(yǔ)序:任何從句都使用陳述句語(yǔ)序,賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)然也不例外。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 12
1,一日三餐前:I have lunch我吃中餐
2,球類,棋類,I play chess我下象棋,Iplayfootball我踢足球
3,星期I go to school on Monday我在星期一去上學(xué)
4,月份:Children’s Day is in June兒童節(jié)在六月
5,年份He was born in20xx他出生于20xx年
6,節(jié)日前:On Teachers’ Day在教師節(jié)
7,學(xué)科前:I have math class我上數(shù)學(xué)課
8,語(yǔ)言:I speak English well我說(shuō)英語(yǔ)很好
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 13
如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加上了ing變成了名詞,那么這個(gè)詞稱動(dòng)名詞。 由于動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái),它仍保留著動(dòng)詞的某些特征,具有動(dòng)詞的某些變化形式,用以表達(dá)名詞所不能表達(dá)的較為復(fù)雜的意念。動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征表現(xiàn)在它可在句子中當(dāng)名詞來(lái)用,作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。它也可以被副詞修飾或者支配賓語(yǔ)。
動(dòng)名詞的作用
1、作主語(yǔ)
1)、 直接位于句首做主語(yǔ)。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2)、 用 it 作形式主語(yǔ),把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語(yǔ))置于句尾作后置主語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),不太常用 it 作先行主語(yǔ),多見(jiàn)于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry.
3)、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的.比較:動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語(yǔ)。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來(lái)表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作,不定式多用來(lái)表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較: Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
2、作表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)常是表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系,表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容,主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
3、作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如: a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 。
4、作賓語(yǔ)
例:We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。
5、有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞 ,不能跟不定式。 allow;avoid; celebrate; consider; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; imagine; keep; it means;mind; miss; practice; prevent;等
6、另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用短語(yǔ)。 spend money/time; think of, give up, put off, insist on, be good at, do well in, cant help, keep on, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to,
7、 有些詞后面加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可,例如:remember, forget, try, stop, go on, stop,regret,, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意義截然不容。 例: like doing sth 表經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作like to do sth表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作;
stop doing sth,停止正在做的事情stop to do sth停下來(lái)做另外一件事; remember,forget,regret的不定時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)指后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞的ing形式則先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作 remember to do/doing: ①I remembered to post the letters.(指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)將要做的動(dòng)作) ②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我記得做過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
try to(努力)與try +–ing(試驗(yàn)): ①I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里)
、贗 tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次);go on to do sth繼續(xù)做某事(不是同一件事), go on doing sth繼續(xù)做某事(同一件事);
常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于動(dòng)名詞的考查,在單項(xiàng)和詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用中出現(xiàn)的較多,常常考到一些動(dòng)名詞的固定用法。
典型例題:Do you mind_________ me with my work.?
A.to help B.help C.helping D.helped
解析:本題考查動(dòng)名詞的用法。Mind后跟動(dòng)名詞,表示“介意做某事”,不可以跟不定式。
答案:C
誤區(qū)提醒
有些詞后面加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可,但意義截然不容,那幾個(gè)詞以及兩種句型的不同之處必須牢記在心,因?yàn)檫@是我們經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)的地方。
典型例題:Dont forget _____ this book to John when you see him.
A. to return B. returning C. return D. to returning
解析:本題考查forget加不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別。Forget to do表示“忘記曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事”,事情已經(jīng)做過(guò); forget doing表示“忘記去做某事”,事情還沒(méi)做。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“當(dāng)你見(jiàn)到John 的時(shí)候,別忘記把這本書給他”,可知事情還沒(méi)做,應(yīng)該用不定式。
答案:A
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 14
1. …as soon as…一…就…
Mary一見(jiàn)到她弟弟就會(huì)告訴他這個(gè)消息。
Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as he sees him.
我們一到那兒就去爬山了。
We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.
2. as + adj./adv.+ as… …和…一樣(的/地)…
not as(so)…as… …不如/不比… ….
李雷和吉母跑得一樣快。
Li Lei runs as fast as Jim.
約翰和你的年齡不一樣大。
John is not as (so) old as you.
這部電視劇不如那部有趣。(TV series)
This TV series is not as (so) interesting as that one.
3. as +adj./adv.+ as possible盡可能…的/地…
我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)課上應(yīng)該盡可能地多講英語(yǔ)。
We should speak English as much as possible in English class.
你能不能盡可能慢一些讀這個(gè)句子?
Can you read the sentence as slowly as possible?
4. ask sb for sth向某人要求某物
當(dāng)你迷路時(shí),你可以向警察需求幫助。
When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.
一些學(xué)生經(jīng)常向父母要錢去玩電子游戲。(video games)
Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.
他向父母要一輛自行車作為生日禮物。
He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.
5. ask/ tell sb. (how) to do sth詢問(wèn)/告訴某人如何做某事
許多學(xué)生經(jīng)常問(wèn)老師如何才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.
讓我來(lái)告訴你如何發(fā)郵件。
Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.
6. ask / tell /want sb (not) to do sth.要求(讓)/告訴/想要某人做(不做)某事
護(hù)士告訴我服用此藥需一日三次,飯后服用。
The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.
老師經(jīng)常告訴我要更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。
The teacher often tells me to study harder.
他讓我不要再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
He asked me not to make the same mistake again.
7. make/ let /have sb. (not) do sth使/讓某人做(不做)某事
他使得孩子哭得很厲害。
He made the child cry loudly.
昨天他使我在影院門口等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
He made me wait for long (for a long time) at the gate of the cinema yesterday.
直到我們做完了作業(yè),媽媽才讓我們?nèi)ネ媲颉?/p>
Mother didn’t let us play football until we finished our homework.
那個(gè)老板迫使工人們每天工作10小時(shí)。
That boss made the workers work (for) ten hours a day.
8. be afraid of doing / to do/that害怕/不敢做某事
這個(gè)小女孩不敢晚上出去。
The little girl is afraid to go out in the evening / at night.
他害怕獨(dú)自呆在家里。
He is afraid of staying at home alone.
許多人擔(dān)心他們會(huì)失去工作。(be afraid that)
Many people are afraid that they will lose their jobs.
9. be busy with sth. / doing sth.忙于某事/做某事
現(xiàn)在學(xué)生們忙于準(zhǔn)備考試。
Now students are busy preparing for the exams.
昨天下午媽媽都在忙著做家務(wù)。(兩種)
Mother was busy with housework yesterday afternoon.
Mother was busy doing housework yesterday afternoon.
10. be famous / late /ready / sorry for sth.
因…而著名/ (做)…遲到了/晚了/為…準(zhǔn)備/為…而抱歉
如果你不快點(diǎn),你就會(huì)上班遲到。
If you don’t hurry, you will be late for work.
杭州以絲綢而出名。
Hangzhou is famous for silk.
我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好迎接奧運(yùn)會(huì)了。
We have been ready for the Olympic Games.
我為我的錯(cuò)誤而抱歉。
I am sorry for my mistake.
11. be glad that很高興…
我很高興你能來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
I am very glad that you can come to the evening party.
老師很高興我們班得了第一名。
The teacher was very glad that our class was the first / won the first prize.
12. give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/ tell / offer sth to sb
buy/give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/ tell sb. sth
給某人某物;給某人看某物;給某人帶來(lái)某物;借給某人某物;送給某人某物;遞給某人某物;把某事告訴給某人;主動(dòng)給某人某物
請(qǐng)遞給我一張紙。
Please pass me a piece of paper.
=Please pass a piece of paper to me.
請(qǐng)把你的畫給我看看。
Please show me your picture.
=Please show your picture to me
他借給我一輛自行車。
He lent me a bike.
=He lent a bike to me.
別忘了下次來(lái)給我?guī)c(diǎn)兒錢。
Don’t forget to bring me some money when you come here next time.
= Don’t forget to bring some money to me when you come here next time.
13. either…or…或…或…,不是…就是…,要么…要么…
不是你,就是他是對(duì)的。
Either you or he is right. V.就近原則
每個(gè)周末,我們要么去公園,要么呆在家里。
We either go to a park or stay at home every weekend. (at/on weekends.)
要了解世界,人們既可以讀報(bào)紙,也可以看電視。
People can either read newspapers or watch TV to get to know the world.
14. neither…nor…既不…也不…,兩者都不…
我和他都沒(méi)有讀過(guò)這本書。
Neither he nor I have ever read this book. V.就近原則
這個(gè)女孩已經(jīng)十歲了,但她既不會(huì)讀書,也不會(huì)寫字。
The girl is already ten, but she can neither read nor write.
15. enjoy/ finish/mind/ keep/ practise/go on doing sth.
享受做…之樂(lè);做完某事;介意做某事;一直做某事;練習(xí)做某事;繼續(xù)做…
我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常練習(xí)講英語(yǔ)。
We should often practice speaking English.
我奶奶一直堅(jiān)持早晨鍛煉身體已經(jīng)有十年了。
My grandma has kept doing exercise in the morning for ten years.
16. find /think / feel + it + adj. (for sb.)to do sth.發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/覺(jué)得做某事如何
越來(lái)越多的人發(fā)現(xiàn)吃太多漢堡包不利于健康。
More and more people have found it unhealthy to eat too many hamburgers.
很多大學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)在大學(xué)中交友很難。
A lot of students have found it very hard to make friends at college.
17. get + adj.的比較級(jí)+ and + adj.的比較級(jí)變得越來(lái)越…
地球變得越來(lái)越暖和了。
It gets warmer and warmer on the earth.
春天到了,天氣變得越來(lái)越熱了。
Spring is coming and it’s getting warmer and warmer.
北京變得越來(lái)越美麗了。
Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful.
18. The + adj./adv.的比較級(jí),the + adj./adv.的.比較級(jí)。越...,就越…。
天氣越冷,人們穿得就越多。
The colder it is, the more people wear.
我們種的樹越多,空氣就會(huì)越干凈。
The more trees we plant, the cleaner the air will be.
英語(yǔ),我們練習(xí)得越多,說(shuō)得就越好。
The more we practice speaking English, the better we can speak.
你越強(qiáng)健,患感冒的機(jī)會(huì)就越少。
The stronger you are, the less chance you will catch a cold.
19. It is +序數(shù)詞+ adj./adv.的最高級(jí)+ n.
黃河是中國(guó)第二長(zhǎng)的河流。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
他是我們班跑得第二快的。
He runs the second fastest in our class.
20. one of the +最高級(jí)+ n. (pl.)是最…之一者
姚明是世界上最好的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一。
Yao Ming is one of the best basketball players in the world.
三亞是中國(guó)最美麗的城市之一。
Sanya is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 15
51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后還看得見(jiàn)原材料) 52 be not sure 表不確定
53 be on a visit to 參觀 54 be popular with sb 受某人歡迎
55 be quiet 安靜 56 be short for 表**的縮寫 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
57 be sick in bed 生病在床
58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you
59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you
61 be strict in doing sth 嚴(yán)于做某事 eg : Hes strict in obeying noles
62 be strict with sb 對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 這些學(xué)生對(duì)自己不嚴(yán)格
63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么
65 be sure 表確定 66 be sure of doing sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well
67 be sure of sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: Im sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的.大腦(老師)
68 be sure that sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: Im suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通過(guò)考試
69 be sure to do sth一定會(huì)做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我們一定會(huì)通過(guò)這次考試 We are sure to learn English well 我們一定能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)
70 be terrified of + 名/動(dòng)doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事
72 be the same as … 和什么一樣 73 be used to doing sth 習(xí)慣做某事
eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸習(xí)慣早He is used to sleeping in class 他習(xí)慣上課睡覺(jué)
74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 叢句
76 because+句子 because of +短語(yǔ)
eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache
77 begin to do = start to do 開始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么開始什么
eg : Lets begin the game with the song I begin to go home
78 between…and… 兩者之間
79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借給……什么東西
eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen
80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同
81 bother 打擾 bother sb to do sth
eg : Im sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station
我十分道歉打擾你,但是你能告訴我怎么去車站
the problem has been bothering me for weeks 這個(gè)問(wèn)題困擾了我?guī)讉(gè)周了
Hes bothering me to lend him money
82 by the end of 到……為止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang
84 care 關(guān)心 eg : Dont you care about this countrys future ?你為什么不關(guān)心國(guó)家的未來(lái)
85 catch up with sb 趕上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人閑談 take sb to + 地點(diǎn) 帶某人去某地
87 come in 進(jìn)88 come over to 過(guò)來(lái)
89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一個(gè)好辦法嗎?
90 communicate with sb 和某人交流
91 consider + doing 考慮做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 為什么不考慮去瀘州?
92 dance to 隨著……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜歡隨著音樂(lè)跳舞
93 decide to do sth 決定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的調(diào)查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好
96 do wrong 做錯(cuò) 97 Dont forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Dont mind +doing /從句 /名詞 不要介意……
99 each +名(單)每一個(gè)…eg : Each student has many books 每一個(gè)學(xué)生都有一些書
100 end up +doing
101 enjoy +doing喜歡
102 escape from 從……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人從監(jiān)獄里逃跑出來(lái)
103 expect to do sth 期待做某事
104 fall down 摔下來(lái) fall off 從哪摔下來(lái)
105 fall in love with sb /sth 愛(ài)上什么
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 16
一、陳述句
陳述句是陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或者說(shuō)話人的看法的,陳述句分為肯定句和否定句。陳述句句末用句號(hào),朗讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。
1、肯定句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主+謂 He went to London to pass his holiday.
2、否定句的表達(dá)方式
。1)主語(yǔ)+be+not+表語(yǔ) He is not a teacher.
。2)主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+其他 I dont think you are right.
He hasnt yet paid the money. (他尚未付錢。)
。3)使用“not”以外的否定詞:
。╝)副詞:never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等 。She seldom comes to see me. (她不常來(lái)看我。)
。╞)形容詞:no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong Kong. (他在香港幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。)
。╟)代詞:nothing, nobody, none等。 I found nobody about computer. (在那棟房子里我沒(méi)看到任何人。)
二、疑問(wèn)句
疑問(wèn)句的主要交際功能是提出問(wèn)題,詢問(wèn)情況。分為一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
1、一般疑問(wèn)句通常用來(lái)詢問(wèn)一件事情是否屬實(shí)。答句通常是"yes或no"。
句型一:Be +主語(yǔ)+ …? Are these books on the desk? 這些書在桌子上嗎?
句型二:Do / Does / Did + 主語(yǔ) +謂語(yǔ)+…? Do you like English? 你喜歡英語(yǔ)嗎?
句型三:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) +…?
Must I finish my homework now? 我必須現(xiàn)在完成我的家庭作業(yè)嗎?
句型四:Have / Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞+…?
Have you heard from him? 你收到他的來(lái)信嗎?
另外,還有以be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定縮寫形式開頭的一般疑問(wèn)句,這種句子一般表示請(qǐng)求、驚訝和對(duì)事物的看法等,回答時(shí)所用的yes和no表達(dá)的意思和漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣不同。例如; --Isnt he tall?難道他不高嗎?
-- Yes,he is.不,他很高。
2、特殊疑問(wèn)句以疑問(wèn)詞開頭,對(duì)句中某一成分提問(wèn)的.句子叫特殊疑問(wèn)句。常用的疑問(wèn)詞有:what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如:
who is singing in the room?
what class are you in﹖
3、選擇疑問(wèn)句提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上可能的答案供對(duì)方選擇。選擇疑問(wèn)句的兩種或兩種以上的情況用or 連接,不能用yes或no回答,而是就其選擇內(nèi)容直接回答。這類疑問(wèn)句有兩種形式:
一種是:一般疑問(wèn)句+or+被選擇部分?, 這一類選擇疑問(wèn)句通常都是在前一個(gè)供選擇的答案用低升調(diào),后一個(gè)用降調(diào);如果有兩個(gè)以上供選擇的答案,則在最后一個(gè)用降調(diào),其余都用低升調(diào)。例如: Would you like a gin,or a whisky,or a `beer? 你是要喝杜松子酒,還是威士忌酒,還是啤酒?
另一種是:特殊疑問(wèn)句+被選擇部分(A)+or+被選擇部分(B)?,也是在語(yǔ)調(diào)上有所區(qū)別。例如: Which vase shall I use, the short one or the tall one ?
4、反意疑問(wèn)句又叫附加疑問(wèn)句,是指當(dāng)提問(wèn)的人對(duì)前面所敘述的事實(shí)不敢肯定,而需要向?qū)Ψ郊右宰C實(shí)時(shí)所提出的問(wèn)句。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:前一部分是一個(gè)陳述句,后一部分是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)句。完成后一部分簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)句時(shí),要根據(jù)前面陳述句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和人稱來(lái)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹鷦?dòng)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn),前后兩部分的人稱和動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式,后一部分一般用否定式;反之,前一部分為否定式,后一部分要用肯定式,即“前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定”。 例如:They work hard, don’t they?
She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she?
They havent been in beijing for three years,have they?
.反義疑問(wèn)句的回答用yes, no, 但是,當(dāng)陳述部分是否定形式時(shí),回答要按事實(shí)。如:
They don’t work hard, do they? 他們不太努力工作,是嗎?
Yes, they do. 不,他們工作努力。/No, they don’t. 對(duì), 他們工作不努力。
注意:
1)當(dāng)陳述句的主語(yǔ)是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)通常用they。如果陳述句的主語(yǔ)是非人稱的復(fù)合詞,如everything, something, anything, 則簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中相應(yīng)的人稱代詞是單數(shù)的中性詞it。后面的疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)表示為:
I am a student, aren’t I
Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they?
Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it?
Nobody will go, will they?
2)當(dāng)陳述部分是I think/believe/ expect/ suppose/imagine 加從句時(shí),疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)和從句的人稱時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, can’t they?
3)當(dāng)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí),一般情況下用will you 或 wont you。
Give me a hand,will you?
4)以Lets開頭的祈使句,疑問(wèn)句必須用shall we;只有以Let usLet me開頭的祈使句,問(wèn)句才用will you。
5)There be 句型中,反義疑問(wèn)部分必須為be 動(dòng)詞 + there.
6)當(dāng)陳述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, nothing 等否定詞時(shí),后面的疑問(wèn)句則必須用肯定式。
常見(jiàn)考法
對(duì)于陳述句和疑問(wèn)句的考查,常會(huì)以單選,完形填空或句子填空的形式出現(xiàn)?疾橹R(shí)點(diǎn)往往集中在反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成與回答、選擇疑問(wèn)句或陳述句與疑問(wèn)句的轉(zhuǎn)換方面。
典型例題:I dont think he is bright, ?
A is he B isnt he C do I D dont I
解析:本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成。當(dāng)陳述部分是I think 加從句時(shí),疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)和從句的人稱時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。所以排除C和D;主句部分dont表明是否定句,所以后面應(yīng)用肯定形式。
答案:A
誤區(qū)提醒
對(duì)于反意疑問(wèn)句的回答,一定要根據(jù)事實(shí)來(lái)回答,尤其是“前否定,后肯定”的反意疑問(wèn)句的回答,更是我們?nèi)菀壮鲥e(cuò)的地方,一定要注意哦!
典型例題:——Youve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you?
——_________. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World.
A Yes, I have B No, I havent C No, I have D Yes, I havent
解析:本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的回答。根據(jù)答語(yǔ)“我多么希望去參觀恐龍世界”可知他沒(méi)去過(guò)恐龍世界,沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)恐龍蛋,根據(jù)“Yes+肯定事實(shí)”和“No+否定事實(shí)”的原則,可以得出答案。
答案:B
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