定語從句課件
定語從句在句中作定語,修飾名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞,下面是小編為大家收集整理的定語從句課件相關(guān)內(nèi)容,歡迎閱讀。
定語從句課件
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是表示人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語或賓語。
例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。
例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。
例如:
A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在句中作賓語)
The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作賓語)
2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是表示時間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞,可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后代替when, where, why和“介+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。
例如:
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
3. 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一:用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
這是我去年呆過的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記與你共事的日子。
判斷改錯:
(錯)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
。ㄥe)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
。▽Γ㊣'ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二:準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ____ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D;例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ____ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
在例1中,從句中所缺部分為賓語,而主句中又缺表語,所以只有the one可以作主句的表語,而關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語可以省略,所以選D。
而例2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用關(guān)系副詞where,又可用介詞in + which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所作的成分,先行詞在從句中作主語、定語、賓語時,選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行詞在從句中作狀語時,應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where 地點(diǎn)狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語)。
4. 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。
例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2)當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或有物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。
例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的`老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
這本小說很動人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3)非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進(jìn)行修飾,這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。
例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
5. 介詞+關(guān)系詞
(1) 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略;
(2) that前不能有介詞;
(3) 關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此,常?梢院汀敖樵~|+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例如:
This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago.
這是我兩年前住過的房子。
Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?
還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
6. as和which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句
由as和which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句。as一般放在句首,which在句中。
例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
如我們所知,吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太陽使地球暖起來,這對我們很重要。
典型例題:
1. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案:C。此句為which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句;that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;it和he都使后句成為句子,兩個獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號連接。
2. It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案:B。as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn):
(1) as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可;
(2) as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應(yīng)為B。
7. what/whatever; who/whoever; that/what
(1) what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:
What you want has been sent here. 你要的東西都送到這里來了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我沒什么關(guān)系。
(2) who = the person that;whoever = anyone who。例如:
(錯) Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯) Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對) Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,與庶民同罪。
(對) Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。
(3) that和what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時,通常用作關(guān)系代詞,而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,that是個不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句中的that?墒÷;what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。
例如:
I think(that) you will like the stamps. 我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
8. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法
(1) 不用that的情況:
●引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。例如:
The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(錯)
●介詞后不能用that。例如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況:
●在不定代詞,如anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。例如:
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
●先行詞有the only,the very修飾時,只用that。例如:
He is the only person that attended the meeting. 他是唯一參加這個會議的人。
●先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時,只用that。例如:
This is the most exciting film I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最令人興奮的電影。
●先行詞既有人,又有物時。例如:
They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 他們談?wù)撝麄冇浀玫娜撕褪隆?/p>
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