1. 名詞性從句包括
△.主語(yǔ)從句（在復(fù)合句中作主句的主語(yǔ)）
引導(dǎo)詞：that（無(wú)任何意義，不充當(dāng)任何成分，只是單純的連詞，不可以省略，也可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句放在句末）
eg. That he will succeed is certain.-→It’s certain that he’ll succeed .
Whether(從句置于句首時(shí)必須用whether，置于句尾時(shí)，有時(shí)if可與whether交換）
eg. Whether she will go there is not know.
wh-疑問(wèn)詞（有意義，根據(jù)詞性特點(diǎn)充當(dāng)相應(yīng)成分）
what（……東西） who（誰(shuí)） which（哪一） when（何時(shí)） where（什么地方） why（為什么） how（怎樣，如何）
whatever，whoever，whomever，whenever，wherever,（無(wú)論什么，無(wú)論誰(shuí)，無(wú)論何時(shí)，無(wú)論在哪里）語(yǔ)氣比what,who,when等強(qiáng)烈 。
△賓語(yǔ)從句（在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)，放在動(dòng)詞，介詞，某些adj.等后作賓語(yǔ)）
引導(dǎo)詞：that （無(wú)任何意義，不充當(dāng)任何成分，常省略）
（think,believe,suppose,expect等后接that引導(dǎo)賓從，形式上否定主句，意義上否定從句）
eg. I don't think you are right.
whether,if（從句中有or，not時(shí)，不可用if取代。從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可用if取代）
eg. I don't know whether he will come or not.
Everything depends on whether you agree with us.
wh-特殊疑問(wèn)詞（意義即為疑問(wèn)詞本身的含義）
whatever,whomever,whichever（語(yǔ)氣比what,whom,which強(qiáng)些）
△賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述語(yǔ)序，即按照主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)的順序
△賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)必須與主句呼應(yīng)
主語(yǔ)謂動(dòng)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句可按需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)
主句謂動(dòng)過(guò)去時(shí)，從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，
主句謂動(dòng)過(guò)去時(shí)，從句敘述某一客觀真理時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
△表語(yǔ)從句（在復(fù)合句中作主句的表語(yǔ)，放在be動(dòng)詞/聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后）
引導(dǎo)詞.that（無(wú)任何意義，不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，不可省略）
eg. The trouble is that we are short of money
whether（“是否”，不可用if代替）
eg. It was uncertain whether he would come.
不確定的是他是否要來(lái)
The first question is whether it is true or not.
wh-疑問(wèn)詞（what,who,which;when,where,why,how）.注意:表語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序也要用陳述句的語(yǔ)序）
eg. The problem is how we could make him understand it.
as if/though （“似乎”，注意.從句表達(dá)的是真實(shí)事實(shí)還是要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
eg. He looks as if he were angry.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
△同位語(yǔ)從句（一般跟在某些名詞eg.fact,idea,news,dream等的后面，用以解釋或說(shuō)明前面的名詞，在句中作同位語(yǔ)）
引導(dǎo)詞：that（在下列名詞后可用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，answer,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,news,opinion.plan, suggestion,thought,truth,word等）
wh-疑問(wèn)詞（no idea后用when,where,how等）
△表命令、要求、建議等的n.后的同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂動(dòng)用“should+動(dòng)尾”
△注意同從與定從的區(qū)別
同從的引導(dǎo)詞無(wú)意義，不充當(dāng)成分，不可省略，同從與其說(shuō)明的n/pron應(yīng)為同一內(nèi)容。定從的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作成分，對(duì)先行詞的一個(gè)限定說(shuō)明
2.定語(yǔ)從句包括
限制性定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)詞：關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,that,whose（某人的）；which,that,whose(of which)（某物的）
介詞＋關(guān)系代詞，介詞＋whom/which/whose+n.
關(guān)系副詞 when,where,why
注意：（1）只用that作關(guān)系代詞的場(chǎng)合
只用who作關(guān)系代詞的場(chǎng)合
只用which作關(guān)系代詞的場(chǎng)合
（2）當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，根據(jù)題意確定用when,where（作狀語(yǔ)）或which（作主、賓語(yǔ)）
非限制性定從
引導(dǎo)詞：關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,whose,（某人的）as,which,whose（某物的）；
關(guān)系副詞when,where
注意：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定從常用于一些固定意義的表達(dá)
eg. As is known to all,
As is often the case,
As is expected.
3.狀語(yǔ)從句包括
（1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞 when, while, as; before; after; since, ever since, until, till, as soon as, once, no sooner…than; hardly……when, scarcely…before（when）,immediately, directly, instantly; the moment, the minute, each time, next time, the first/last time, soon after
△when 既可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作，可用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作
while引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，強(qiáng)調(diào)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，相當(dāng)于during the time that……
as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可用非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，但它較強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句中的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可用來(lái)說(shuō)明兩種正發(fā)展或變化的情況。 “隨著”，表時(shí)間的推移。
eg. It was raining when she arrived home.
My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework
As I get older, I get more optimistic
△（主句）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（肯定式）＋until/till從句（短語(yǔ)） “直到……才” 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It was not until … that …
not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒裝
△Since 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，“自從……時(shí)”，主句要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。但時(shí)間的計(jì)算方式略有不同
since后若是終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，則時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從該動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)算起。
since后若是延續(xù)性性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，則時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從該動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起
在“It is + 一段時(shí)間 +since從句……”句型中，時(shí)間一律以since從句的動(dòng)作完成時(shí)算起。
eg. Mr Li has been here since he came back
He hasn't been back at school since he was ill.
自從他病愈后一直沒(méi)到學(xué)校來(lái)
I haven't heard from him since he lived here.
自從他不住在這兒以來(lái)，我就沒(méi)有收到過(guò)他的來(lái)信。
It is three years since she was not in our class.
△ no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely……before/when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示“剛……就……”，“一……就……”，在這些結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)， 從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即把助動(dòng)詞had放在主語(yǔ)前面
eg. No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang.
（2）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞 where ,wherever
△ 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句有抽象條件的含義時(shí)，從句要在主句的前面。
eg . I will follow you wherever you go.
Where there is a will ,there is a way.
注意where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句與where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
eg. Go back where you came from. （從句前無(wú)先行詞）
Go back to the village where you came from. （從句前有一個(gè)表地點(diǎn)的n作先行詞）
（3）原因狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞 because. since, as, for; now that（既然）;seeing that（鑒于……），considering that （考慮到……；由于……）
△ because 所表示的原因含有較強(qiáng)的因果關(guān)系，專門回答用why 提出的問(wèn)題，一般放在主句后面
since 語(yǔ)氣次于because，表示稍加分析后推斷出來(lái)的原因或是人們已知的原因�！凹热唬捎凇�，常置于句首。
as 語(yǔ)氣最弱，多以既成的事實(shí)為理由，一般放在句首。用于因果關(guān)系十分明顯的場(chǎng)合，也可置于主句后面。
eg It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us
Since no one is against it ,let’s carry out the plan.
As he wasn't ready in time, we went without him.
We couldn't walk very fast as the street was quite dark.
for 表原因，屬并列連詞，不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是對(duì)某種情況加以推斷，用于表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明理由。
eg. .He must be ill ,for he is absent today
△.now that 用來(lái)說(shuō)明一種新情況，然后加以推論，位于句首時(shí)，that可省略
eg. Now (that) everybody is here, Let's begin.
（4）目的狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞/詞組 so that（以便，為了），so（以便），in order that ,in case （以防，免除），for fear that（以防），lest（以免）
從句中謂語(yǔ)常含may, might, can, could, will, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
△當(dāng)從句與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可將從句變換為so as to, in order to 短語(yǔ)。lest 引導(dǎo)的從句中須用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，表虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
eg. I shall write it down lest I should forget.
（5）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞/詞組 so（結(jié)果），（so）that（結(jié)果），so……that……（如此……以至于……），such……that……（如此……以至于……）
eg. Mr Smith had overslept so he was late for work.
My pen fell under my desk (so) that I couldn't see it.
△注意幾個(gè)易混句型
so +adj./adv. + that從句
so +adj. +冠詞 +名詞單數(shù)+that從句
so +many/few/much/little + n +that從句
such + 冠詞+adj.+名詞單數(shù) +that從句
such + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞/名詞復(fù)數(shù)
eg. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it .
She is so beautiful a girl that all the boys of our class like her.
There is so little water that you can't drink.
She is such a good girl that she can help you.
（6）條件狀語(yǔ)從句
連接詞/詞組 if （如果，假如），once（一旦），so/as long as （只要……就），unless（如果不，除非），on condition that （條件是……），suppose（倘若，萬(wàn)一），supposing（要是，僅在問(wèn)句中用），provided that/providing that（假如）
△.條件狀語(yǔ)從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
“祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果句”句型中，祈使句在意義上相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句
注意：if引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)性條件句時(shí)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的使用。
（7）方式狀語(yǔ)從句
連詞/詞組：as（像……一樣，依照），just as ……so ……（像……，正如……，對(duì)于……），as if/though （仿佛……的，就像……似的）
eg. I'll do as I am told to.
Just as water is to fish, so air is to man.
空氣對(duì)于人，正如水對(duì)于魚(yú)一樣。
He spoke as if he had been there before.
△.as if /though 引導(dǎo)的從句與事實(shí)相符，用陳述語(yǔ)氣；與事實(shí)相反，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
eg. The woman teacher hurriedly left the classroom as though she was angry.
Our teacher treats us as though we were her children.
（8）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
連詞：though/although （盡管，雖然） ever if/though（即使），
whoever/no matter who ,whatever no matter what, whichever/no matter which, whenever/no matter when, wherever/no matter where, however/no matter how, whether……or(not),as, while（盡管）
△.although 比though的語(yǔ)氣重些,多用于正式文體，引導(dǎo)的從句常位于句首，但一般二詞也可互換使用，都不可與but連用，可以和yet，still連用。
△.even if/though 常用以強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念，會(huì)有退一步想的意思（有時(shí)用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
eg. We'll make a trip even if the weather is bad.
Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.
△.as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，從句部分用倒裝語(yǔ)序，句型為：
adj/adv/n（不帶冠詞）/動(dòng)詞原形 + as + 主+謂
（在這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用though，但不可用although.）
eg. Although the TV set is very dear, I still bought it
child as he is, the boy knows a lot.
Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.
Whether you believe it or not ,it is true.
No matter how difficult (it may be),we are determined to carry the research to the end.
（9）比較狀語(yǔ)從句
連詞：as……as（和……一樣）,not so/as……as（和……不一樣）
More…… than ,less than （比），the ……the……
eg. John plays football as well as ,if not better than, David.
約翰足球踢得如果不比大衛(wèi)強(qiáng)也和他一樣好。
She is not so wealthy as her brother.
她不像她哥哥那般富有。
Nothing is so difficult as this.
沒(méi)有比這更難的了。
I like bananas less than apples.
蘋果同香蕉比，我更喜歡蘋果。
The more you read ,the more knowledge you can get.
你看的書(shū)越多，你的知識(shí)就越豐富。
中學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)分類總復(fù)習(xí)（五）
介詞、代詞和數(shù)詞
介詞是英語(yǔ)中最活躍的詞類之一，特別是一些常用介詞，搭配能力特別強(qiáng)，可用來(lái)表示種種不同的意思。
介詞的用法是比較復(fù)雜的，要掌握好需要下很大的功夫。首先要了解一些主要介詞的基本意思，作為立腳點(diǎn)，同時(shí)要注意介詞和其它詞，特別是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞的搭配。關(guān)于和動(dòng)詞的搭配，主要注意在什么動(dòng)詞后需要跟什么介詞。
1.表“時(shí)間”的介詞。
△“在何時(shí)”用at,on,in等
at某一具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)
at the week 在周末 at Christmas 在圣誕節(jié)期間
at the Spring Festival 在春節(jié)期間 at lunch 午餐時(shí)
on 某天或某天上、下午
on Monday 在星期一 on January 1st 在1月1日
on my birthday 在我生日那天 on the afternoon of June 3 1月3日下午
on a cold winter evening 一個(gè)寒冷冬天的晚上
in “一段時(shí)間”，也可用在月、季節(jié)、年等時(shí)間短語(yǔ)前
in the months that followed 在后來(lái)的幾個(gè)月里
in the day 在白天 in half an hour半小時(shí)之內(nèi)（后）
in spring在春天
△“在……期間”用during,for,over,within,throughout,from……to等
during 在……期間
during the summer holidays 在暑假期間
during the last three years 在過(guò)去的三年中
for “達(dá)，計(jì)”
for a long time 好久 for a few days 好幾天
for a monment 一會(huì)兒 for ever 永遠(yuǎn)
within “在……期間，不超過(guò)”
I'll be back within an hour.
Do you think the work can be done within five days?
from...to....“從……到……”
from Monday to Friday
from morning till night 從早到晚（till不能用to）
△表示其它時(shí)間概念的介詞有before,after,since,until,till,between,by,up to等
before “在……之前，早于”
before class 上課前 the day before yesterday 前天
before long 不久
after “在……之后”
after a while 過(guò)了一會(huì)兒 the day after tomorrow 后臺(tái)
since“自從……”
since last Monday 自從上星期一以來(lái) since 1998 自從1998年以來(lái)
until/till “直到……”
He didn't leave the swimming-pool until closing time.
between “在……之間”
I'll call on you between two and four this afternoon.
我今天下午2點(diǎn)到4點(diǎn)來(lái)拜訪你。
He was at middle school between 1983 and 1997
他從1983年到1997年在上中學(xué)。
by“到……為止”
All of must be at the school gate by 6 tomorrow morning
我們大家都得在每天早上6點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)校門口。
By the time of last week,we had finishied all the lessons for this term
到上周末為止，我們已經(jīng)把本學(xué)期課程都學(xué)完了。
△在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，有兩種情況不用介詞
表示“去年”，“上個(gè)月”，“今年”，“這個(gè)月”，“本周”，“明年”，“下個(gè)月”，“下周”，“每年”，“每月”，“每周”等概念。
Lastyear(month,week);thisyear(month,week);nextyear(month.week);
every year(month,week)
all表示整個(gè)“年、月、星期、天、一生”等概念時(shí)。
We worked there all afternoon.
She has lived in the village all her life.
2.表示“地點(diǎn)”的介詞
△大地點(diǎn)用in,小地點(diǎn)用at
in a city在城市 in the sun在陽(yáng)光下
in the north在北方 at the gete在大門口
at the second crossing 在第二個(gè)十字路口
at the bus stop 在公共汽車站 at the doctor's 在醫(yī)院診所
△表示“在……上面/下面”的介詞
on多用于物體有接觸時(shí)，位于物體的表面，邊上，線上
on the other side of 在……的另一邊 on the left 在左邊
on the Thames 在泰晤士河上
above 側(cè)重于指上下位置，有對(duì)比與參照物
The picture is above the map
The mountain is about 2000 meters above the level.
over 側(cè)重于指橫跨兩端，或有覆蓋的含義
She spread a cloth over the table
There is a bridge over the river.
under 與 below 均可表“正下方”
The water reached a few inches below/under the knees
水離膝蓋只有幾英寸了。
“低于……”僅用below,此時(shí)與above為反義。
below the sea level 海拔以下 below the freezing point 冰點(diǎn)以下
只用under的情況
play under the tree carry sth. under one's arm.在胳膊下夾著東西
△表示“在……前面/后面”的介詞
in front of 指位置”在……前面/正面” ，（一物體在另一物體的前方）反義詞為behind
The children are playing in front of their house.
He sits in front of me
before多與抽象概念連用，暗示在地位或威望相對(duì)比較高者之前或表示順序在前。
He stood before his teacher,not knowing what to say.
in the front of （一物體包含在另一物體的內(nèi)部的前方）
He sits in the front of the classroom.
behind（一物體在另一物體的后面）
He parked the car behind the house He sits behind me.
at the back of（一物體包含在另一物體的內(nèi)部的后面）
There is a blackboard at the back of the classroom
△表示“在……中間”的介詞
between （常指二者之間）
there is a picture hanging between the two windows.
among （三者或三者以上）
The animals usually hide among the trees during the daytime
in the middle of （強(qiáng)調(diào)在一處地方的中心或中心附近的位置）
there is a desk in the middle of the classroom
△表示“在……旁邊”的介詞
near “在附近，靠近”暗示距離很近
He told the child not to go near the dog
beside“在……旁邊，靠近”
The man standing beside the car is Mr white
by 與 beside 意義相近，“在……旁邊，緊�！�
The six blind men sat by the roadside all day
around“在……周圍”
She has a scarf around her neck.她脖子上圍了一條圍巾
△inside與 outside 互為反義詞
inside“在……里面”
The children were kept inside the house all day
outside“在……外面”
The Purple Mountain is located outside the city of Nanjing
紫金山位于南京城外。
△.across“在……對(duì)面”，“在……那一邊”
The post office is just across the street
△.against 靠著
The man stood with his back against the wall.
△beyond “在……那一邊”，“遠(yuǎn)于……”
Our house is beyond the hill .
△.from “離開(kāi)”
My home is two miles from the school.
3.表示“方向”的介詞
△.to “到……,向……”
They walked to the sport ground. Japan lies to the east of China.
△.at（動(dòng)作方向）“朝向……”
laugh at look at smile at rush at shoot at朝……射擊 throw at朝……扔
△.from “從……”
A friend of mine sent me the gift from Tianjin.
這禮物是我的一個(gè)朋友從天津寄給我的。
△.into “進(jìn)入……” （反義 out of）
He poured some milk into the cup.
△.along “沿著，順著……”
They drove along the river for nearly two hours
他們沿著河開(kāi)了近兩個(gè)小時(shí)的車。
by “(運(yùn)動(dòng)方向）沿著，經(jīng)過(guò)，經(jīng)由”
He entered the room by the back door,not the front door
The Greens travelled to Suzhou by Shanghai
out of “從……出來(lái)” （反義 into）
She took a book out of her schoolbag
(a)round “環(huán)繞，圍繞”
Some foreign frirends were shown around our school this morning.
for “（方向，傾向，能力）向，往”
The ship started for London. She has a gift for art.
off “從……離開(kāi)”，“從……下來(lái)”
She fell off the ladder and hurt her leg
△.toward(s) 只表示動(dòng)作的方向，與到達(dá)與否無(wú)關(guān)
I found the car driving towards me
to 表示到達(dá)目的地，常與 go,come ,return,fly等連用
for 和 to 表目的地時(shí)前面所用動(dòng)詞不同，常與 leave ,start,sail,set out等連用
△.表示“經(jīng)過(guò)”、“穿過(guò)”、“通過(guò)”的介詞
across “從這邊到另一邊”
through “從事物的里面穿過(guò)”或“從長(zhǎng)形物的一頭到另一頭”
The policeman forced his way though the crowd
by (=past) “從人或事物旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)”
He waked by me without saying a word.
She drove past a school on her way home
over“從人或事物的上空經(jīng)過(guò)、越過(guò)”
I don't think anyone can jump over the fence.
Lots of planes fly over the city every day
△.表示“遍及”的介詞
throughout （時(shí)間或空間）遍及于……,到處；整個(gè)期間，從頭到尾
The news spreed throughout the country throughout the year 一年四季
all over （空間場(chǎng)所）一片，到處，渾身
Dead leaves lay thick all over the ground
all around 四處，到處，整個(gè)那一帶
4.表示“方式”、“方法”、“手段”的介詞
△.by “用（方法、手段、途徑等）”或意為“乘坐（交通工具）”后接的n.前常不用冠詞
Mr Green usually goes to work by car.
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
△.in “用（方式、材料、途徑、語(yǔ)言）”
You can do this in a different way Can you sing in English?
△.with “帶著、伴隨”，后接具體的工具、收到、材料或其它行為方式
He wrote these Chinese characters with a small bamboo stick.
△.through “以（方法、手段）”，“經(jīng)由”
We learn a second language through listening,speeking,reading and writing
I got to know him through a friend.
5.表示“在……方面”的介詞
△.in “在……方面”，常見(jiàn)搭配：do well in,be rich in,be different in .be interested in.
China is a country rich in natural resources
△.at “在……方面（有能力或造詣）”
My father is very good at telling stories. Robert is clever at maths
6.表示“數(shù)量”的介詞
△.about(around) “大約”
There are around 80 pyramids in Egypt.
△.round “大約”
It's round 5 o'clock.
△.over“超過(guò)，在……以上”
7.表示“除……以外”的介詞
△.except “除……以外”（不包含在范圍之內(nèi)）
We all went to the Summer Palace except him
<注>在否定句中，besides與except均可。
They didn't know the answer except/besides Tom
△.besides “除了……以外，還有”（所指包含在敘述范圍內(nèi)）
Who else will go to the cinema besides Jack?
△.but “除……之外”多于nobody ,none,nothing,anything,everyone,all等。
No one but Tom went there
△.except for “只是,只不過(guò)，除了……之外”相當(dāng)于“except + that從句”
The car is nice except for the color.
△.except that/wh-疑問(wèn)詞 從句
Your article is good except that it's a bit too long.
He is never late except when he is ill
△.apart from
表“此外，除了……之外”(=besides,as well as)
Apart from being too large,it just doesn't suit me.
表“撇開(kāi)……來(lái)說(shuō)，除掉”(=except for)
A good piece of work,apart from a few slight faults.
There can be no knowledge apart from practice
沒(méi)有能脫離實(shí)踐的知識(shí)
8.表示“論述”“關(guān)于”的介詞
△."on" 表示“論述”，常與speak,talk,write,lecture等詞連用
He is writing a book on cooking
△.about “關(guān)于”
He told me a lot about him in the summer vacation.
It's a story about love.
△.of“關(guān)于”常與 think,know,hear等詞連用
I've never heard of the place you mentioned just now
9.表示“具有”、“沒(méi)有”的介詞
△.with “具有，有著”
He lives in Nanjing,a city with a history of over 2000 years.
△.without “沒(méi)有”
We can't live without air and water
He entered the room without being permitted.
10.表示“原因”的介詞
△.because of ,on account of “因?yàn)椤?/p>
because of 較為普通，on account of 多用在較為正式的文體中
Because of his wife's being there,I said nothing about it.
The game was delayed on account of the snow.
△.for 側(cè)重行為或情感產(chǎn)生的依據(jù)，或因此帶來(lái)的結(jié)果，較正式場(chǎng)合
I could hardly see anything for the fog.
He was rewarded for saving the child's life.
△.due to ,owing to “由于”
due to 強(qiáng)調(diào)起因，多用于在be動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)
Our delay was due to the heavy fall of snow
owing to 更多地用來(lái)作動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ)、
Owing to the heavy fall of snow,all flights have been cancelled.
<注> 在很多情況下due to /owing to/because of可換用
△.out of 著重點(diǎn)是行為的動(dòng)機(jī)或出于行為者的內(nèi)心感受
I helped her out of pity. 我是出于憐憫，才幫助他。
She cried out of sympathy 她因同情而哭了出來(lái)、
△.of 和 from 表示“因……而……”，of和from都可用來(lái)說(shuō)明死亡的原因
die of 指出造成死亡的直接原因
die of cancer,die of old age,die of hunger.
die from 指明造成死亡的外在的間接原因
die from a wound,die from overwork
△.with 和through表示“因……而……”
with多用來(lái)表明身體或精神產(chǎn)生變化 的原因。
shake with cold,red with anger,jump with excitement
through多用來(lái)表示不良原因而這種原因多造成不良后果。
through carelessness,through misunderstanding
11。表示“代替”的介詞
△.instead 與 instead of 用法不同。
instead adv.放在句首或句末
instead of + n/v_ing （介詞短語(yǔ)）“代替”
If you are busy,you may come another day instead.
I'll go instead of you。
Mr Li gave us a lesson instead of Miss Liu。
△.take the place of 表示“代替（職務(wù)、工作等），接替”，與in place of可互換
They had no one to take his place.
Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.
常用介詞的多重意義與用法（必記）
1.beyond
（1）“（時(shí)間）過(guò)了，比……晚，遲于”
They arrived beyond nine o'clock
（2）“（范圍）超過(guò)，為……所不及，超出……的范圍”
This book is beyond me/my understanding. ……看不懂
He is living beyond his income. ……生活入不敷出。
Her work is beyond praise . ……工作令人贊不絕口
Good health is beyond price. 健康的身體是無(wú)價(jià)之寶。
（3）“除……之外”，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句
What could I do beyond waiting？
＝What could I do but wait?
2.by
（1）“按照，以……（表示數(shù)量，尺寸，程度）”
It's eight o'clock by my watch.
They are paid by the day/by the hour.
They sold eggs by the dozen.
（2）“因……，由于……”
He took my book by mistake. I met him in the street by chance
（3）“（程度）相差”
She missed the train by five minutes
He is taller than his father by two centimeters/a head.
3.from
（1）因?yàn)�，由于（表示原因，�?dòng)機(jī)）
I felt tired from whole day's work.
He acted from a sense of duty.他出于責(zé)任心而為之。
（2）免于，使……不（表示除去，免去，阻止）
What prevented you from coming? These books were saved from damage.
far from it 遠(yuǎn)不是
from bad to worse 每況愈下，越來(lái)越糟
（3）區(qū)別……和……（表示區(qū)別）
Can you tell a wolf from a dog?
He knows right from wrong.他能辨別是非。
4.of
（1）特征，性質(zhì)，內(nèi)容，狀況。
He is a man of ability She is just a girl of ten
a man of property 有財(cái)產(chǎn)的人。
（2）同位關(guān)系
There were only four of us here.
Mr Green left for Paris in the month of August.
（3）和adj連用表示對(duì)某人、事有種情緒
be ashamed of 對(duì)……感到羞愧，慚愧。
be proud of 對(duì)……感到驕傲 be tired of 對(duì)……厭煩
be impatient of 對(duì)……不耐煩的，無(wú)法忍受的
be careful of 對(duì)……注意
（4）由……分開(kāi)（表示距離，分離）
rob sb.of sth 搶劫某人某物 deprive sb. of sth剝奪……
cheat sb. of sth 欺騙某人 relieve sb. of sth 解除某人的……
cure sb.of sth 治愈……的病
5.for
（1）為了，替，給（表示目的、對(duì)象）
He came here for a meeting. That will be good for your health.
（2）支持，贊成，（反義詞是against）
No one is for the proposal. She is for giving it up.
（3）當(dāng)作，作為
What did you have for lunch?
Don’t take him for a fool. 不要把他當(dāng)成傻子。
（4）至于，關(guān)于，就……而言
He is young for his age 就他的年齡而論，他是年輕的。
（5）雖然，盡管（相當(dāng)于in spite of）
For all his failures,he never loses heart.
6.over
（1）通過(guò)（無(wú)線電，電話等）
He learned English over the radio.
（2）在……期間
She made a trip over the last summer holidays
7.at
（1）處于……狀態(tài)
the two countries are at war 正在交戰(zhàn)。
She is at desk 在讀書(shū)
at table 用餐中 at tea time 在飲茶過(guò)程中
（2）按……速度，照……價(jià)格
at full/high speed 全速/高速
at a speed of 50 miles an hour 以每小時(shí)50英里的速度
at a high/low price 以高/低價(jià)
He will get it at any cost. 他將不惜一切代價(jià)得到它。
（3）與adj連用，表示“因某種情緒而……”
常見(jiàn)的這類詞組有：be surprised at sth.
be shocked at sth. be astonished at sth.
be pleased/glad at sth. be angry at sth.
（4）“at＋名詞短語(yǔ)”表示“因……而產(chǎn)生某種情緒，一……就……”
at the sight of 一看見(jiàn)……就……
at the sound of 一聽(tīng)見(jiàn)……就……
at the news of 一得到消息……就……
8.above
（1）可代替beyond，表“超越，越出……之外，不屑于，（表示品質(zhì)，行為，能力等）但不常用。
His ability is above the average.他能力超群。
The man is above telling lies.那人是不會(huì)說(shuō)謊的。
She is above other students in the class.
她的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)超過(guò)班上其他學(xué)生。
9.on
（1）從事……中，處于……情況中
He is working on a new novel. The building is on fire.
（2）按照，憑，依靠
You should act on his advice.你應(yīng)該聽(tīng)從他的建議。
They live on rice. They theory is based on facts.
（3）一……就（表示時(shí)間性，后接動(dòng)名詞或表動(dòng)作的名詞）
On arriving at the factory ,he went to see the manager.
On hearing the news ,she left for Nanjing.
（4）以……方式，通過(guò)……
They talked on the telephone. on the radio. on TV.
10.against
（1）依靠，碰著，撞擊（方向或位置）
I have hit my head against a wall and hurt myself.
（2）反對(duì)，違背（與for相反）
They fought bravely against the enemy.
He did it against his own will.他是違心做那件事的、
（3）防備，準(zhǔn)備
Some animals store food against the witer.
They have got prepared against flood.他們已經(jīng)做好了防洪準(zhǔn)備。
（4）襯托，相映。
Flowers look better against green leaves.好花還需要綠葉扶。
11.under
（1）在……期間，在……過(guò)程中（多指過(guò)程）
The hotel is under construction
The question is still under discussion.
The patient is under treatmeat.
（2）固定短語(yǔ)中用under的情況。
under the leadership of 在……領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下
under one’s rule 在……統(tǒng)治下 (be) under suspicion 受到懷疑
12.with
（1）盡管，雖然（表示讓步）
With all her money ,she is not happy.
（2）因?yàn)�，由于（表示原因�?/p>
His face turned red with anger.
With such knowledge and experience ,he is sure to cucceed.
有了這樣的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他一定會(huì)成功。
（3）構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)
He lay awake on the bed ,with his eyes wide open
（4）（時(shí)間）與……同時(shí)，隨著
With these words ,he went out.
With the development of modern agriculture and industry,more and more waste is produced.
13.to
（1）比，比較，對(duì)（表示比較）
They won the game by 5 to 4. I prefer oranges to apples
（2）屬于，對(duì)，給（表示對(duì)象關(guān)系）
This pen belongs to my father. She is very kind to me.
Did he send a book to you?
14.like
（1）像，似，和……一樣。
He is a bit like his father. The moon looks like a silver plate.
I wish I could swim like a fish.
（2）好像
It looks like rain today.今天好像要下雨。
They look like winning. 他們好像要贏了。
15.as
（1）作為，當(dāng)作
treat sb as 把某人當(dāng)……對(duì)待 look on ……as 他……認(rèn)為，看作……
（2）as用于習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中
as for 至于……就……而言 as to 關(guān)于……
as from/of 自（某日）起，（……時(shí)間）以后
as it is(was)實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上 as well (adv)也