第一部分: 非謂語動詞用法詳解
一、不定式的用法
1. 不定式的構成
不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時式和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
主動式 被動式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進行式 to be doing /
完成進行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語,有時也可作主語、定語等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對我來說,在你們國家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進行式
不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認真地聽老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進行式
如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進行的動作,就需要用完成進行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構成。如:
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠不要再見到她。
6) 疑問詞+動詞不定式:
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用。
注意: why與不帶to的不定式連用,其它的詞應與帶to的不定式連用。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (SBⅢ P32)
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (SBⅢ P1)
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時候開會還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。
Why do that? = Why did you do that? 你為什么要那么做?
Why not do it yourself? = Why don’t you do it yourself? 你為什么不自己做呢?
介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學習英語的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做!
7) 不定式的被動式:
當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式,to be +過去分詞和to have been +過去分詞。這些形式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
對他來說,被老師責備是一件好事。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是會上最后一個被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的語法作用
1) 不定式作主語:
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
在很多情況下,人們通常用it作為形式上的主語,而把不定式短語移到謂語之后,使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如:
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊等候是很有禮貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。
2) 不定式作表語:
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理論付諸實踐。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作賓語:
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我問到他的時候,他假裝讀過這本書。
另外,不定式在某些復合賓語中作賓語時,人們常常用it代表不定式,而將真實賓語放在補足語之后。如:
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認為這樣翻譯是不是更好?
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我覺得被邀請在會上面對這么多學生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
4) 不定式作補語:
①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構成復合結構作動詞的賓語,這時不定式被稱為賓語補足語。如:
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請你幫我做英語練習。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。
注意:動詞help后面接不定式作賓語或賓語補足語可以帶to也可以不帶to。如:
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰能幫我拎這個重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役動詞和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官動詞后的復合賓語中,動詞不定式不帶to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他們每天讓孩子晚上7:00上床睡覺。
注意:get, leave等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思,和使役動詞意思相近,但它們后面的不定式作賓語補足語必須要有to。如:
I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么讓他跟一個陌生人一起吃晚飯?
注意:當使役動詞和感官動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,不定式就成了主語補語,作主語補語的不定式必須加to。如:
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽到他唱這首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等動詞后面接的不定式短語作補語多由to be+形容詞或名詞構成,think, consider, find后的to be?墒÷浴H纾
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒來的時候,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次見到她的時候就認為她人很好,很誠實。
含有此類復合賓語的句子變成被動語態(tài)時,不定式同樣被稱之為主語補足語。如:
The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個年輕人被認為大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形勢看來很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構成謂語的句子中,動詞不定式通常也可看作主語補語。如:
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
據(jù)報道,有20多個人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽車撞的時候,我碰巧在和他談話。
5) 不定式作定語:
不定式在句中作定語通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語:
①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞,其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語,常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如:
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
我想成為一個教師的愿望是可以理解的。
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞,其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語,常見的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如:
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想準時完成工作是很明顯的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我們欣賞他能把一門外語說得這么好。
③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。如:
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他總是第一個來最后一個離開。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.
下一個出席會議的人是貝克先生。
④還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如:
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我們學生應該有勇氣面對任何困難。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他沒有理由離開他的朋友獨自住到島上去。
⑤如果不定式和所修飾的名詞是動賓關系的話,不定式動詞是不及 物動詞,則須加適當?shù)慕樵~。如:
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支筆。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足夠的椅子給客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他們住在一座大房子里。
I want to buy a pen to write with. 我想買一支筆寫字用。
Please give me a knife to cat with. 請給我一把切東西的刀。
There is nothing for you to worry about. 沒有什么可讓你擔心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書可以挑選,但我不知道該借哪一本。
6) 不定式作狀語:
不定式作狀語可以表示行為的目的、結果、原因、條件等。
① 不定式作目的狀語,有時也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結構。如:
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
為了保護幼苗不被太陽曬壞,媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上學再遲到。
注意:so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作結果狀語,常見的結構有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如:
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對我來說,這個問題很難回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他說他足夠聰明可以獨自應付這件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請你幫我把收音機調低一點好嗎?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。
注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結果。
③不定式作原因狀語,通常用來修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見的形容詞有:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如:
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他們很驚訝。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國的青年,我們感到很驕傲。
另外,hard, difficult, easy, fit,comfortable等詞也可以接動詞不定式。這時候,作句子主語的除了是表示人的詞外,還可以是表示物的詞。如:
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個房間住起來很舒服。
注意:后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語或賓語之間是動賓關系,此時如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則需要帶上適當?shù)慕樵~。
3. 不定式的復合結構
1) 不定式復合結構的構成
不定式在使用時通常有自己的邏輯主語,一般可以是句子的主語或賓語,或者由物主代詞暗示出來。如:
They plan to build a hotel. 他們計劃建造一個酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父親送他出國去學文學。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出國。
但有時需要明確表示出不定式的邏輯主語(即不定式動作的執(zhí)行者),此時一般用for/of +名詞(代詞)短語+不定式來構成不定式的復合結構。如:
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人們用電做飯是很昂貴的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯這樣的錯誤真是粗心。
2) 不定式復合結構的語法作用
不定式的復合結構在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語。
①不定式的復合結構作主語、賓語,通常用it 作形式主語或形式賓語來代替不定式的復合結構。如:
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.
貨物很有必要用堅固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他們認為我們要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的復合結構作表語、狀語、定語。如:
That’s for you to decide. 那個由你來決定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
為了能通過考試,學生們應該比以往更認真學習。
I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書送給你讀。
4. 不定式結構的疑難問題
1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則:
前面我們已經(jīng)談到,在一些使役動詞和感官動詞后的不定式作賓語補語時,不定式符號to常常省略,下面還有幾種情況請大家注意:
① 動詞原形come, go等在口語中可接不帶to的不定式。如:
Go tell her. 去告訴他。
Come have a glass. 來喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑問句中,疑問詞直接跟動詞原形或not+動詞原形。如:
Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢?
Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試?
③在had better(還是……最好), had best(最好,頂好), would rather(寧可,寧愿), would rather…than(寧可……而不……), would sooner(寧可,寧愿), would sooner…than(寧可……而不……), cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choose but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等結構后直接跟動詞原形或not +動詞原形。如:
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽一聽老師的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他寧愿擠公共汽車也不愿騎自行車。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一個人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來。
④作介詞but,except,besides等的賓語不定式,前面有實義動詞to do,不定式符號to可省略。
I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep.
Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning.
They did nothing but watch TV last night.
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.
昨晚上我除了修理農具外,沒有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認輸。
如but 之前沒有do,其后的不定式則一般要加to。如:
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無選擇,只好乘出租車了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。
⑤在出現(xiàn)并列的動詞不定式時,為了避免重復,后面的不定式符號to可省略。如:
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說什么,該干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能幫我打電話給他,叫他下午兩點來開會?
但如果兩個不定式有對比的意思,則不定式符號to不可被省去。如:
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來夸你的,不是來罵你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術的目的是為了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艱難。
2. 動詞不定式的省略問題:
上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動詞或動詞短語,下文中再遇到此動詞的不定式結構時,往往要省略動詞不定式,但通常省略動詞原形或短語而保留不定式符號to,一般有下面幾種情況:
①含有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+動詞原形結構時:
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你認為我應該去看醫(yī)生嗎?
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的,我想你應該去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必須走,但你沒有必要。
②含有動詞want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作賓語結構時:
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看長城了嗎?
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來想去的,但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話,你可以和他們一起去。
③含有動詞如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做賓語補語或主語補語時:
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父親叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽車嗎?
---No, I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。
④對話的答語中含有形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表語結構時:
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一個忙嗎?
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意,但我現(xiàn)在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow?
明天下午來參加我的生日聚會好嗎?
---I’ll be glad to. 我很樂意。
3. 不定式主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別: 動詞不定式在句中究竟用主動還是被動,有時比較復雜。主要有下面幾種情況:
①不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式邏輯上構成主謂關系時,不定式往往用主動形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有開門的鑰匙嗎?
②不定式做后置定語,和被修飾名詞或代詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系,又和該句主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系時,不定式常用主動形式,不定式為不及物動詞時,其后應加相應的介詞。
Do you have anything to say on this question? 針對這個問題你還有什么要說的嗎?
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,和句子主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時,不定式多用主動形式,不定式為不及物動詞時要加相應的介詞。如:
The fish is delicious to eat. 這魚很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 這把椅子坐起來很舒服。
④在There be結構中,當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式;如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動形式。如:
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有許多事情要做。(表示某人必須做這工作)
注意下面兩個句子的含義:
There is a lot of work to be done. (強調有許多事情必須做。)
There is nothing to be done. (強調出了某事,現(xiàn)在沒辦法解決。)
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法區(qū)別:
句型“It is +形容詞+for somebody+不定式”中的形容詞通常強調不定式的行為屬性,如:important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.
我們要在兩小時之內完成工作是很難的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他們這么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容詞+of somebody+不定式”中的形容詞表示人物性格和特征。如:kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket
這個男孩真傻,一直往籃子里倒水。
5. 高中階段能接不定式的常見動詞:
能接不定式作賓語的常見動詞有:want(想要), like(喜歡), wish(希望), hate(憎恨,討厭), prefer(寧愿), hope(希望), fail(失。, plan(計劃), refuse(拒絕), ask(要求),continue(繼續(xù)),manage(設法), try(盡力), offer(提供), start(開始), begin(開始), forget(忘記), remember(記得), promise(答應), mean(打算), pretend(假裝), intend(想,打算), attempt(嘗試,企圖), decide(決定), learn(學會), desire(渴望,請求), agree(同意), care(關心,喜歡), choose(選擇), determine(下決心), expect(期望), afford(負擔得起,買得起)等。
能接不定式做補語的常見的動詞有:感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役動詞make, let, have 等;還有一般的動詞如advise(建議), allow(允許), ask, beg(乞求), command(命令,指揮), tell(告訴), invite(邀請), force(強迫), oblige(強迫), get(致使), help(幫助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage(鼓勵), persuade(說服), permit(允許,許可), remind(使想起,提醒), request(請求,要求), order(命令), warn(警告,提醒), cause(引起)等。
6. 高中階段常見的不定式短語:
高中階段常見的一些不定式短語可以作謂語,如:be able to do(能,會), be about to do(即將做……), used to do(過去常常……), be glad to do(樂意做……), would like to do(想要做……),be likely to do(很可能做……), go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do應該等。
高中階段還有一些不定式短語可以作狀語修飾整個句子,也可以稱它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。如:to tell you the truth(說老實話),to be frank(坦率地說), to begin with(首先), to be brief(簡言之), to make a long story short(長話短說), to be exact(精確地說), to say nothing of(姑且不說),to conclude(總而言之), to be sure(誠然、固然), to do him justice(說句對他公道的話),so to speak(可以這么說、打個譬喻說)等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 說老實話,我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地說,我不同意你說的話。
–ing 形式
1. -ing分詞的構成
–ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。-ing分詞同樣有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例):
主動形式 被動形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
–ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加–ing分詞構成。如:
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. –ing分詞的一般式和完成式:
–ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個學生,他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因為沒有努力學習功課,他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式:
–ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是–ing分詞動作的承受者。根據(jù)–ing分詞動作發(fā)生的時間,–ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)。如:
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他從來沒談起過他被記者采訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以后,他把煙戒了。
注意:在need, want, require, be worth等動詞(短語)后,作賓語的–ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如:
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用
–ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1)–ing分詞(短語)作主語:
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 產卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結構中,–ing分詞也作主語。
①為了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主語,而把真實主語放在句末。如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費時間。
②在There is no結構中,通常用–ing分詞。如:
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2) –ing分詞(短語)作表語:
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
3) –ing分詞作賓語:
①–ing分詞作動詞賓語。如:
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
②–ing分詞作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語,而用it作形式賓語。如:
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我認為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎?
③–ing分詞作介詞賓語,經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如:
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了倫敦,希望能成為一個著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(對……負責), insist on(堅持), think of(考慮,想到), dream of(夢想), object to(反對,抗議), hear of(聽說), prevent…from(防止,阻止), keep…from(防止,阻止), stop…from(防止,阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依靠,依賴), thank…for(因……而道謝), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(獻身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對……感興趣), be ashamed of(對……感到羞愧)等等。
注意:在有些句子中,介詞常可省去。如:
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過去他;ê芏鄷r間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結婚?
另外,–ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構成短語,在句中作狀語。如:
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外,她還要照顧四個孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
聽到這個消息后,所有的學生都高興得跳了起來。
4) –ing分詞作定語:
①單個的–ing分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如:
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車
sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車 a sleeping child一個酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚
the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②–ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面,也相當于一個定語從句。如:
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰?
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語,相當于一個非限制性定語從句,常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當前的工作,大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
當她出現(xiàn)的時候,約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語:
–ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①–ing分詞短語作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句,有時可由連詞when, while引出。如:While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書,一邊不時地點頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫,他想起了她的童年。
②–ing分詞短語作原因狀語,相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因為不知道他的地址,我不能把這本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因為非常激動,那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。
③–ing分詞短語作結果狀語。如:
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了,留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。
④–ing分詞作伴隨狀語,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間,表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如:
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他們在那兒站了半小時,觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。
⑤–ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語,相當于一個狀語從句。如:
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個人如站在大山的腳下會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。
注:-ing分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。
⑥“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結構在句中作狀語,表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如:
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時間的推移,他的頭發(fā)變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意,他從窗戶溜了出去。
6) -ing分詞作補語:
①–ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞后面和一個名詞或代詞構成一個復合賓語,作賓語補語。如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類句子也可變成被動語態(tài),這時,–ing分詞可看成是主語補語。如:
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復合結構:
–ing分詞的復合結構通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構成,在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格,通常在句中作主語和賓語。如:
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了
6. 高中階段常見的能接-ing分詞作賓語的動詞:
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞,), admit(承認), appreciate(感激,欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡,厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬。, imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯過), practise(訓練), resist(抵抗,抵制), risk(冒險), deny(拒絕,否認), consider(考慮)等。
7. -ing分詞的疑難問題
1) -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義:
①-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內容是什么。如:
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people.
真正的問題是了解人民的需要。
②–ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如:
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
2) –ing分詞作定語的兩種不同含義:
①–ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如:
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字臺 listening practice 聽力訓練
②-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個定語從句,可以表示正在進行的動作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動作或當時的狀態(tài)。如:
developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發(fā)展著的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個動人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動人民
3) 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語,后接-ing分詞或名詞。如:
admit to(承認), contribute to(捐助、貢獻), get down to(著手做), give way to(讓位于),keep to (堅持、遵守), lead to (導致),look forward to(期待), take to(從事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、堅持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、處理), be used to (習慣于), devote oneself to (獻身于), be equal to (勝任的、等于), be familiar to (為……熟悉).
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語,如generally speaking(一般來說), judging from…(根據(jù)……來判斷), considering…(考慮到……), talking of…(談到……,提到……), supposing…(假如……)等,它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語,也可當作一個插入語。如:
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多么的窮,我們決定讓他免費聽音樂會。
過去分詞(–ed分詞)
1. 分詞的定義
動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞,是由動詞的過去分詞構成,一般只有一種形式。
2. 過去分詞的語法作用:
過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當于一個形容詞或副詞,在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。
1) 過去分詞作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如:
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那個杯子,它是壞的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。
2) 過去分詞做定語:
單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面,相當于一個定語從句。如:
The excited people rushed into the building. 激動的人們奔進了大樓。
We need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。
過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面,相當于一個定語從句。如:
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動嗎?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外國專家提出來的建議被經(jīng)理采納了。
過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語,前后用逗號隔開。如:
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
這些書是魯迅寫的,受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會議獲得很大的成功,共有一千個學生出席了。
3) 過去分詞做狀語:
過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣,也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①表時間,相當于一個時間狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。如:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
從山頂上看,這個城市就像一個大花園。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入黨以后,他決定獻身于黨的事業(yè)。
②表原因,相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激動的人們被那個故事深深地感動了,停止了爭吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了講演的鼓舞,年輕人決定起來從事斗爭。
③表條件,相當于一個條件狀語從句,有時過去分詞前可用if等詞。如:
Given another chance, he will do better. 再給他一次機會,他會做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比,你應該更加努力學習英語。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加熱,會變成水蒸氣。
④表讓步,相當于一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。如:
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強盜。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
盡管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如:
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
那個老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進了房間。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
我和父親坐在桌子旁邊討論著我的工作問題。
4) 過去分詞作補足語:
過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構成復合賓語,用作賓語補語。如:
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當你在作報告時,你應該講響一點使自己被人聽清。
當這類句子變成被動語態(tài)時,過去分詞用作主語補語。如:
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 應該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。
3.過去分詞的疑難問題
過去分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如:
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.
當那個男孩被問到為何來這里時,他沉默不語。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農村出生并長大,他對生物很感興趣。
如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致,必須使用過去分詞的獨立主格結構。
第二部分: 非謂語動詞疑難問題詳解
一、 非謂語動詞各種形式所表表示的時間概念:
(1) 如用“(to) do”,表該動作是重復性的或將要做的,如:
I often see him draw. 我經(jīng)?匆娝嫯嫛
He is said to come tomorrow. 據(jù)說他明天來。
(2) 如用“to be doing”,表該動作正在進行,如:
I am excited to be performing on the stage. 在舞臺上表演我很激動。
He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in .
老師進來時他假裝在看書。
(3) 如用“to be done”,強調該動作是被執(zhí)行。
He was said to be sent to abroad. 據(jù)說他要被送出國。
(4) 如用“to have done”或“to have been done”,表該動作已完成,如:
I'm sorry to have kept you so long. 對不起讓你久等了。
(5) 如用being done,則可表時三種意思。
A. 作主語,表被動
Being admitted to Beijing University is my dream.
被北京大學錄取是我的夢想。
B. 作賓語(在少數(shù)動詞或介詞后) ,表被動。
Do you mind being left alone at home? 你介意單獨一個人被留在家里嗎?
I’m worried about being left alone at home. 我擔心被單獨一個人留在家里。
C. 作定語,表被動(正在被)
The building being built is a lab. 正在被建的大樓是實驗大樓。
(6) having done 表示的時間在謂語動詞所表示的時間之前,且表主動,常用作
句子的狀語。
Having finished his homework , he went out to play.
(7) having been done表示的時間在謂語動詞所表示的時間之前,且表被動,常用
作句子的狀語。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. (SBⅢ P16)
二、 幾種非謂語動詞用法比較:
一、句法功能比較
以動詞make為例,把這四種非謂語動詞在句中所作的成分總結如下:
make 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 句法功能
一般式 進行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 賓 表 定 狀 補
不定式 to write to be making to have made to be made to have been made √ √ √ √ √ √
–ing形式 making having made being made having been made √ √ √ √ √ √
過去分詞 made √ √ √ √
由上表可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞的被動形式有和過去分詞在意義表達相交叉的區(qū)域,因此認真區(qū)分它們在這方面的用法對于準確理解和表達英語是很有幫助的。
如:to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被動,同時都可作定語,但它們在作定語時,是有明顯區(qū)別的。如:
The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.
即將要建的學校是為殘疾兒童而設的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children.
正在建設的學校是為殘疾兒童而設的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.
去年建的學校是為殘疾兒童而設的。
The school, having been built for two years,is intended for the disabled children.
已經(jīng)建了兩年多的學校是為殘疾兒童而建的。
二、不定式和–ing形式作主語的區(qū)別
1、–ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一個已經(jīng)完成了的動作,強調的是事情本身。而不定式則表示具體的第一次行為或將來的動作,強調的是動作本身,不過有時二者之間區(qū)別很小。如:
Reading English novels is really great fun. 讀英語小說真有趣。
To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.
今晚讀英語小說會花去我很多時間。
2、動詞不定式作主語時,常用形式主語結構,而–ing形式作主語時較少使用形式主語,只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主語。如:
It is hard to make him change his mind. 很難讓他改變主意。
It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教談話真有趣。
3、不定式作主語的被動語態(tài)句子,必須用形式主語結構。如:
It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 已經(jīng)決定在我們學校建立一個足球俱樂部。
4、在口語中,用–ing形式作主語置于句首的情況要比不定式多。
5、疑問句中,一般多用–ing形式的復合結構作主語,而不用不定式復合結構。如:
Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 我們提供幫助對你們很重要嗎?
6、在句型“There be no+主語”中,習慣上常用–ing形式作主語,且不帶邏輯主語。如:
There is no parking around here. 這周圍不準停車。
There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.)
無法知道會發(fā)生什么。
7、不定式、–ing形式作主語時可有自己的邏輯主語。不定式的邏輯主語通常是介詞for/of引導的名詞或賓語代詞;–ing形式的邏輯主語則常用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞。如:
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.
林肯說南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對的。
The students’ knowing English well helped them in learning French.
對英語了解很好的人學習法語會有很大幫助。
8、當表語是–ing形式時,主語要用–ing形式,當表語是不定式時,主語也要用不定式。如:
Saying is believing. 眼見為實。 To see is to believe.
三、不定式、–ing形式作表語的區(qū)別
1、表示一般的概念時,不定式與–ing形式可以互換。如:
What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 我最的就是看孩子玩耍。
2、表示具體的個別的動作或有將來含義時,一般用不定式, 無抽象概念一般用–ing形式。如:
My wish is to become a famous pianist. 我的愿望就是成為一名著名的鋼琴家。
4、過去分詞作表語,強調狀態(tài),分詞前可以加very等程度副詞,后面一般不用by引起的短語,時態(tài)概念不強。而被動語態(tài)表示動作,時態(tài)概念較強。如:
The shop is closed. 商店關門了。 (分詞)
The door was closed by the wind. 門被風吹上了。 (被動)
6、–ing形式作表語與進行時態(tài)形式相同。–ing形式作表語說明主語的內容、性質、特征;而現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)說明正在進行的動作。如:
My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.
我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (–ing形式)
I was teaching the children maths when you passed by.
你經(jīng)過時我正教孩子數(shù)學。 (進行時態(tài))
四、不定式、–ing形式作賓語的區(qū)別
1、可用不定式作賓語,但不可用–ing形式作賓語的動詞和能接–ing形式作賓語,但不能接不定式作賓語的動詞請參閱本章“不定式”部分和“–ing形式”部分。
2、跟不定式和動詞的-ing形式及–ed分詞皆可且意義相差較大的動詞,將在下面專門討論。
3、有些動詞后可用“疑問詞+不定式”結構作復合賓語,意義上相當于一個賓語從句。使用這類結構時,不定式前不能再加引出的邏輯主語;不定式的動作在時間概念上必須后于前面的動詞,否則就應用賓語從句。-ing形式無這種用法。能接這類復合賓語的常見動詞有:know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。
Hearing the sad news, she didn’t know what to do. 聽到這則悲傷的消息,她不知如何做。
I couldn’t decide whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能決定是在這里再干一年還是換一個工作。
4、當不定式、-ing形式作賓語,后面還有賓語補足語時,一般采用it作形式賓語,而把不定式或動名詞放在補足語之后。如:
He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner.
被邀來參加晚宴我感覺是一種榮耀。
I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 幫助有困難的人是一種責任。
5、-ing形式常作介詞賓語,而不定式作but, except等少數(shù)介詞的賓語,但“疑問詞+不定式”短語可作許多介詞的賓語。如:
I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼著與你見面。
I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance.
我沒法只好在家里又呆了一年,等著機會的到來。
We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team. 我們正討論該選誰。
6、當謂語動詞是進行時態(tài)、主語是物而不是人或后接感覺性動詞時,動詞start, begin后多用不定式作賓語。如:
I am starting to work on my essay next week. 我下周開始專攻我的論文。
The rain began to pour. 雨開始瓢潑般下了起來。
五、不定式、-ing形式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別
1、-ing形式作賓語補足語強調動作的延續(xù)性,表示動作正在進行,更具描繪性。而不定式作賓語補足語一般表示動作的全過程,表明動作已經(jīng)結束,或即將發(fā)生。如:
I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個陌生人每天都在我們商店附近走著。
I don’t often see him go to the cinema. 我不經(jīng)?吹剿タ措娪。
2、-ing形式或不定式作賓語補足語表示它與賓語之間是主動關系,用過去分詞作賓語補足語一般表示它與賓語之間的被動關系、完成狀態(tài)或動作由別人來完成。如:
We heard her singing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱歌。 (主動進行)
We heard her often sing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱過歌。 (主動完成)
We heard the song sung by her next door. 在隔壁我們聽見這首歌被他唱過.。(被動完成)
We heard the song being sung next door. 我們聽見在隔壁有人正唱這首歌。 (被動進行)
3、在think, consider, find等動詞后常用to be +adj.結構作賓語補足語,有時to be 可省略。
We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 我們都發(fā)現(xiàn)他既善良又誠實。
4、 過去分詞作賓語補足語強調動作的結果,而動詞不定式被動語態(tài)作賓語補足語強調動作的過程。但現(xiàn)在的傾向是:在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示“意愿”的動詞后的賓語補語如果用的是不定式被動語態(tài),可省to be, 從而使語氣顯得更為毅然決然。如:
I don’t like such things (to be) discussed this way.
我不想這樣的事情以這種方式討論。
We all don’t want the land (to be) built on. 我們都不希望這片土地搞建筑。
六、不定式、-ing形式作定語的區(qū)別
1、不定式與分詞作定語是垢區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)時態(tài)上;不定式作定語通常指動作;–ing形式作定語指正進行的動作;過去分詞作定語指已經(jīng)完成的動作。如:
I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要寫。
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你認識坐在桌子旁的那個人嗎?
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你讀過魯迅先生翻譯過的小說嗎?
2、過去分詞作定語時,常表示動作發(fā)生的時間早于謂語動詞,或者沒有一定的時間性,只表示被動關系,有的只表示完成。如:
The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
去年建的這座立交橋花了12000美元。 (既表示被動又表示完成)
I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
我不想聽見年輕人唱這種歌。 (只表示被動,沒有一定的時間性)
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
所有落葉都清走了。 (表示完成,并沒有被動意味)
4、-ing形式作后置定語則可表示:正在進行或發(fā)生的行為(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句要用進行進態(tài));現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時常用一般時態(tài))。如:
The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. 等著附近的那輛小汽車是福特車。
The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. 正在鋼琴上演奏的這首曲子聽起來很熟悉。
5、-ing形式的完成式一般不能后置定語,除非為非限制性的后置定語。如:
This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.
The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 討論多年的這個問題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了。
不可說成:
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
6、being+adj.不能單獨用作后置定語
不能說: Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
應為:Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.
任何勝任這項工作的人可以在這里簽名。
7、不定式作定語可以有自己的邏輯主語。如:
It is spring, the time for us to plant trees. 春天正是植樹的好季節(jié)。
七、不定式和 –ing形式作狀語時的區(qū)別
1、不定式作狀語通常表示目的或結果,表示目的時前面可用in order或so as,以示強調。表示結果時常用于too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等結構中。如:
I saved every cent in order to buy a car. 為了買車,我積攢著每一分錢。
The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 濕度很高足以使水變?yōu)樗魵狻?/p>
2、作原因狀語時,過去分詞與-ing形式被動一般式可以互換。但還是單獨使用過去分詞的為多。如:
Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well.
這部小說寫得很好,很暢銷。
3、作方式或伴隨狀語時常用過去分詞,習慣上不用-ing形式被動一般式即不用being done形式。如:
Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. 很多父母正在公園里走著,后面緊跟著自己的孩子。
4、作時間狀語用時,過去分詞如同時表示被動和動作完成,?蓳Q用-ing形式的被動完成式;過去分詞如果只表被動,不表完成,則不可。如:
Read many times (=Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. 讀過多遍,這個故事似乎變得更容易了。 (表示被動和完成)
Seen from on the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 從山頂上看,這個顯得更加美麗。 (表被動)
5、與否定詞not連用時多用-ing形式。如:
Not being included, I have to find another chance. 我沒被錄用,只好再等。
6、使用-ing形式作狀語時,有一條原則必須遵守,即-ing形式的邏輯主語應當與句子的主語一致,否則句子就是不正確的或是不正規(guī)的語言。如:
【誤】Found him angry, I began to tell jokes.因為found與I 在這個句子中不能構成被動,應為Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes.
【誤】Looking around, there was no one nearby. Look around 的邏輯主語不應是no one,故本句不成立,就改為Looking around, I found there was no one nearby.
7、有些約定俗成的分詞或分詞短語作狀語,盡管它們與句子的主語不一致(即不存在主謂關系),也被認為是正確的。這種分詞短語作狀語解釋整個句子。如:
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般說來,女孩子比男孩更喜歡文學。
Considering the weather, the sports meet will be put off. 考慮到天氣,運動會將會被推遲。
Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries. 從她的口音看,她準來自阿拉伯國家。
三、 中學英語中能接幾種非謂語動詞形式的動詞有:
1、能跟動詞不定式或–ing形式,且意義差別不大的動詞
① 動詞like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性動作,多用–ing形式;如指特定的具體的某次動作,多用不定式。如:
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.
我喜歡游泳,但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去學校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
② 動詞begin, start后面,如表示有意識地開始做某事,常用-ing分詞,否則用不定式更多一些。如:
We began to do that job last year. 我們去年開始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談論那部電影。
注:下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語:
a. 當start, begin本身用于進行時態(tài)時。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進教室的時候,他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當start, begin后接表示心理活動的動詞時。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息,他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。
c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準備離開,天開始下雨了。
③ 動詞consider 作“考慮”的意思時接–ing 形式,作“認為”的意思時接 to be. 如:
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; the people had considered him to be a great leader, and a wise, kind and honest man. (SB1A P50)
Well, have you considered using the lab in your free class? I suggest you ask Mr Wu.
(SB1A P53)
2、跟不定式和動詞的-ing形式皆可,但意義相差很大的動詞
這類動詞常用的有:
① try:try to do sth. 盡力做難做的事;
try doing sth. 試著做某一件可能會出現(xiàn)某一結果的事。
He tried to stand up but failed. 他試圖站起來,但沒成功。
Let’s try telling him about the sad news. 咱們試著把這個不幸的消息告訴他。
② regret:regret to do sth. 對馬上要做的事表示遺憾;
regret doing sth.對已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾或后悔。
I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. 我沒能聽他的講座真感到遺憾。
I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遺憾,告訴你我不能來了。
③ can’t help:can’t help doing sth.禁不;
can’t help (to) do sth. 不能幫忙干…
I couldn’t help shaking with so few clothes on.
穿這么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。
I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能幫助打掃這里了。
④ mean:mean to do sth. 想做;
mean doing sth. 意味著。如:
Wasting time means killing life. 浪費時光就意味著浪費生命。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味著解放生產力。
⑤ forget:forget doing sth. 忘了已做過的事;
forget to do sth. 忘記將要做的事。如:
I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告訴過他。
Don’t forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.
別忘了明天早晨6點叫醒我。
⑥ go on:go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干未干完的事(強調動作的持續(xù));
go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)干是一件事(強調事情的轉接)
The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.
那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。
The old man went on to play another song. 這個老人接著彈奏另一首曲子。
⑦ remember:remember doing sth. 指記著做過的事;
remember to do sth.記著要做事。如:
Please remember to come on time. 請記著按時來。
I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.
我仍記得第一次被帶到博物館的情景。
⑧ stop:stop to do sth. 停下正在做的動作去做另一動作;
stop doing sth. 停止做動名詞所表示的動作。如:
We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下來休息了一會。
Don’t stop trying once again. 不要停止,再試一次。
⑨ 動詞need, require, want作“需要”解且主語是物時,后面接-ing形式的主動式或不定式的被動式。如:
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細心地照料。
Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.
你的試卷需要再檢查一遍。
⑩ 動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作賓語,不可以接動詞不定式作賓語,但可接不定式作賓語補語。如:
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
Please permit me to say a few words. 請允許我說幾句話。
We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. 我們建議他們早起。
3、能跟不定式、動詞的-ing形式或–ed形式,但意義相差很大的動詞有:
① have:have somebody/something do something 不定式作補語必須省去to,
不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出,表示一次性的動作。如:
I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。
have somebody /something doing something -ing形式作補語,分
詞動作也由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的延續(xù)或正在進行。如:
They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機一直工作著。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.
我們不能讓那個孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。
have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語,賓語和補足語之間
有邏輯上的被動關系,通常有兩種情況:
a. 主語讓別人做某事,強調主語的意志。如:
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
后來,這個中心讓人種了很多樹。
b. 主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境,說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。
He had his leg broken in the match last month. 他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在戰(zhàn)爭中,他失去了一只眼睛。
② + 賓語 + to do 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出,表示一次性的動作。
get + 賓語 + doing 動作由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的延續(xù)或進行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系
I got him to help me when I did the repair. 我修理的時候讓他幫我。
Can you get the car moving? 你能讓車發(fā)動起來嗎?
Get your work finished by noon. 在午飯之前把你的工作做完。
I want to get this film developed very soon. (SBⅡA P125)
③ + 賓語 + to do 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出,表示一次性的動作。
leave + 賓語 + doing 動作由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的延續(xù)或進行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系。
Don’t leave the small child to take care of himself.
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. (SBⅢ P39)
Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him. (SBⅢ P45)
④ + 賓語 + (to be)
find + 賓語 + doing 動作由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的延續(xù)或進行。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系。
We find him (to be) a clever boy.
The teacher found him dozing in class.
She found her wallet stolen.
Surprisingly, we found no villagers injured in the hurricane. (SBⅡA P65)
⑤ + 賓語 + do 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的完整性。
see/ hear + 賓語 + doing 動作由賓語發(fā)出,強調動作的某一點。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系。
I can see it fastened to a nail. (SBⅡB P15)
⑥ make + 賓語 + do 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出,賓語和補語之間為主動關系。
+ 賓語 + done 賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系。
You’d better make your plan known to others, or you can’t make them carry out your plan.
第三部分: 非謂語動詞的測試特點和應對策略
一、 非謂語動詞
近幾年的語法測試中非謂語動詞約占31.1%,平均每年近5道題,可謂是語法項目考查的重點,那么非謂語動詞的考查都有哪些特點,解答時又應注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起來分析一下:
1、非謂語動詞考查特點
1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷
對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨立主格結構,如:
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四個選項中有三個是謂語動詞,只有D是非謂語動詞,只要同學們能判斷出這里是非謂語動詞做狀語,則不用考慮時態(tài)的問題,答案自明。
2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇
謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是四級語法測試中的一個題眼。如:
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. (1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. (1997.6)
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
這類題涉及三個方面:
謂語動詞后應該接不定式還是動名詞?
即可接不定式又可接動名詞時,結構和意思上有何差別?
不定式與動名詞用主動形式還是用被動形式?
3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇
從近幾年的考查情況來看,對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況:
(1)對一般概念的考查,而不是固定結構中的非謂語動詞做定語。如:
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover
1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I
were the one ______. (1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同學們只要掌握非謂語動詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C,②題答案為D。
(2)對固定結構的考查,如:
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the
new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①題為不定式做定語的固定形式,答案為D,②題為某些特定名詞的定語結構,答案為A。在英語中有些名詞,如動詞變來的名詞,形容詞變來的名詞,以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語,不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。
4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇,如:
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the
earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's
degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided
to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
從以上各題來看,考查的側重點有:
(1)狀語類別的判斷
不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同,目的狀語要求用不定式,如②。
(2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關系
根據(jù)主謂關系或動賓關系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。
(3)非謂語動詞的否定形式
not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前,如③。
(4) 獨立成分
有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關系的限制,稱為獨立成分,這類成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做補足語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做賓語補足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制,不同動詞后的賓語補足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補都有考查。如:
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _____.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches,
chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官動詞后的賓語補足語,如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補足語。
regard類后面的賓語補足語
with獨立分句后面的
常用動詞后面的賓語補足語。
6) 做表語的非謂語動詞的選擇
表語的考查多側重于分詞做表語形式的選擇,很少有動名詞的用法的考查,雖然選項中有不定式作為干擾項,只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如:
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not
all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分詞做表語可以做系動詞be的表語,也可以做其它系動詞的表語,如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動詞后非謂語動詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。
7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號的選擇
to可以是介詞,也可以用來引導不定式,四級考試中對種類用法的考查也比較多。如:
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller,
more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
這類考題的考查方式有兩種,一是四個選項中有兩個相對的選項to do something 和 to doing something,這時考查的自然是to的性質;另一種是to在題干中,如③。
8) 分詞前連詞的使用
分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了,使考生更加準確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況:
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用說明非謂語動詞做時間狀語,答案不可能是B,從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關系來看,應該是動賓關系,答案應該是D。
(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. (1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出,分詞所做的是方式狀語,連詞應該是as。
9) 非謂語動詞的體
非謂語動詞中分詞的體有完成體和進行體,即having done, having been done和being done,完成體只用于做狀語的場合,而進行體可以用于做定語和做補足語。
不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done,主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結構中。如:
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語,表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個漸變過程,所以用不定式的進行體。