一． 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞功能比較表

主語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)

動(dòng)名詞 V V V X V X

不定式 V V V V V V

現(xiàn)在分詞 X V X V V V

過(guò)去分詞 X V X V V V

二． 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

1． 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式為：not+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（動(dòng)名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞）

2.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為：of/for+object+to do注：若其前的形容詞為情感形容詞例如：nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介詞宜用of;若其前的形容詞為hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等，介詞宜用for。

動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為：形容詞性物主代詞/sb’s+doing(若該結(jié)構(gòu)不位于句首作主語(yǔ)也可用“名詞或賓語(yǔ)+doing”來(lái)表示。例如：His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.

三． 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法比較

（一）。作主語(yǔ)比較：

1． 位于句首常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.

2． It作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)，非情感形容詞或名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)常用不定式作真正主語(yǔ)；若useless, no use, no good作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作真正主語(yǔ)。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.

3． 不定式短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)俚語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要遵循上下文的一致性原則。例如：

1).To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.2). To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.

(二)。作表語(yǔ)比較

1． 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，回答What的問(wèn)題。例如：

-What is his job? -His job is teaching.

2． 不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例如：

When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.

3.分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，回答How的問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；過(guò)去分詞作標(biāo)語(yǔ)，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作。例如：The news is exciting.

We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.

(三)。作賓語(yǔ)比較

1.只跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,ch等2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。

3.后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞詞組：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to 等。

4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth

2).mean to do sth/doing

3).try to do sth/doing sth.

4).go on to do sth/doing sth.

5).stop to do sth/doing sth

6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth

5.need,require,want等動(dòng)詞表示“需要”時(shí)，后跟不定式的被動(dòng)形式或動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

（四）。作賓補(bǔ)比較。

1． ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.

2． let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth

be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.

3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb or sth. doing

4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done

5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth

6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)

7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked

8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.

9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done

10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done

11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.

(五)。作狀語(yǔ)比較

1． 不定式在句中只能作條件或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容詞或副詞連用。）

2． 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)系句子的主語(yǔ)。如果邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞呈邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，須用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)；若邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞呈邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，須用過(guò)去分詞。分詞在句中可作條件、時(shí)間、方式、伴隨、讓步、（自然而然的）結(jié)果、原因、比較等狀語(yǔ)。

3． 如果句子的主語(yǔ)不是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，則不能用分詞作狀語(yǔ)，而用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（主語(yǔ)+分詞；主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)；with+賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)）試比較：

Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)

（六）邏輯主語(yǔ)問(wèn)題

分詞作狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)；分詞作定語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是被修飾的名詞；分詞作賓補(bǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其賓語(yǔ)。

（七）作定語(yǔ)比較

1． 動(dòng)名詞作前置定語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明所修飾的名詞的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）

2． 不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作的未來(lái)性，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

A plan/law/way to do sth.

3.單個(gè)分詞作前置定語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明所修飾的名詞的狀態(tài)。表示正在進(jìn)行或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用現(xiàn)在分詞；表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有過(guò)去分詞，而沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在分詞。

試比較：

The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.

The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.

The big building _________(build) next year will be the highest building in our city.