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被動(dòng)語態(tài)要點(diǎn)綜述

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2016-7-24 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

作者:呼振璞

語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語執(zhí)行動(dòng)作,被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語承受動(dòng)作。

一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。在接下來的幾個(gè)單元里,我們將陸續(xù)學(xué)到以下幾種形式的被動(dòng)語態(tài):

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):are / is / am +done (done為及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)。如:

Football is played all over the world. 足球運(yùn)動(dòng)全世界都盛行。

2. 一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):was / were + done。 如:

His leg was broken yesterday. 他的腿昨天骨折了。

3. 一般將來時(shí)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):shall / will be +done或be going to be + done。如:

More factories will be built in our hometown. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將建更多的工廠。

Japanese is not going to be taught this term. 本學(xué)期不準(zhǔn)備開設(shè)日語課。

4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):am /is /are + being + done。如:

My shoes are being mended. 我的鞋正在修。

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):have /has been + done。如:

The work has been finished. 工作已完成了。

6. 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + done ",其中be不再有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:

The work must be finished today. 這工作今天必須完成。

It can be done in a minute. 這事馬上可以做。

二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)適用的情況

被動(dòng)語態(tài)歸納起來大體適用于以下四種情況:

1.當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí); 2.我們不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí);3. 我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí);4. 出于行文的需要。如:

(1) This bridge was built last year.

(2) I was born in 1957.

(3) She is liked by everyone.

(4) Tom was sent to the school by his parents when he was nine.

三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的方法

1.變換結(jié)構(gòu)圖:

2. 變換步驟:

先確定主動(dòng)句的主、謂、賓,再將主動(dòng)句的賓語變成被動(dòng)句的主語,主動(dòng)句的主語變成被動(dòng)句中介詞by的賓語(沒必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)可略去"by+賓");主動(dòng)句的謂語動(dòng)詞要變成"助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞",但時(shí)態(tài)不能改變;變化時(shí)還得注意"數(shù)"(助動(dòng)詞要與新的主語保持"數(shù)"的一致)和"格"(若主語和賓語是人稱代詞,"賓作主"時(shí)賓格要變成主格,"主作賓"時(shí)主格要變成賓格);時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等其余部分可重現(xiàn)于被動(dòng)句中。 如:

We plant trees every year. →

Trees are planted every year by us.

有些及物動(dòng)詞(其主語大都是物)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)可以表示被動(dòng)意義。通常有以下幾種情況:

1. look, smell, sound, feel, taste等作連系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)。如:

棉花摸上去很柔軟。

誤:Cotton is felt soft.

正:Cotton feels soft.

這話聽上去很有道理。

誤:That is sounded reasonable.

正:That sounds reasonable.

2. write, read, sell, wash, open, lock等動(dòng)詞被副詞加以修飾,表達(dá)效果和程度時(shí)。如:

This pen writes well. 這支筆很好用。

The poem reads smoothly. 這首詩讀起來很流暢。

3. 動(dòng)詞need, want等接動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)。如:

His shoes need mending. 他的鞋需要修補(bǔ)。

4. easy, hard, cheap, important, difficult, nice等形容詞作表語,后接不定式,且句子的主語在邏輯上是不定式的賓語時(shí)。如:

The question is hard to answer. 這問題很難回答。