作者：呂新軍

1．[原文] ① But I heard him speak.(L.65) ② Suddenly, they hear someone outside shouting: ...(L.66)為什么①句中speak用原形，而②句中shouting用的是V-ing形式？

[精析] 感官動(dòng)詞hear后可以接動(dòng)詞原形和V-ing作賓語補(bǔ)足語，即hear sb. do或hear sb. doing。二者的區(qū)別是：前者表示后邊的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，后者表示后邊的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。試比較：

I heard him say that the matter was yet undecided. 我聽見他說那件事還沒決定。

I heard somebody laughing. 我聽見有人在笑。

2．[原文] I'll shoot anyone who moves!

(L.66)動(dòng)詞shoot后如果加一個(gè)介詞at，意思有變化嗎？

[精析] 有。 shoot作及物動(dòng)詞，表示"擊中"，后接被擊中的對象。如：

He shot the bird dead. 他把那只鳥射死了。

當(dāng)表示"向......射擊"時(shí)，要用短語shoot at，此時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如：

He shot at a dog, but missed it. 他朝狗開槍，但沒打中。

3．[原文] Who would you ask for help if you were robbed? (L.66)這句話在本課中并不表示過去，而謂語動(dòng)詞卻用的是would ask和were，這是什么語法現(xiàn)象？

[精析] 這是一個(gè)含虛擬語氣的句子。在英語中，表達(dá)的假設(shè)或不大可能發(fā)生的事時(shí)，要使用虛擬語氣。如果假設(shè)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或與將來事實(shí)可能相反，條件從句為"if +主語+動(dòng)詞過去式", 主句為"主語+should (would)+動(dòng)詞原形"。（這種語法現(xiàn)象在以后會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)到。）如：

If I were you, I would leave him at once. 如果我是你，就立刻離開他。

句中ask sb. for help是"向某人求助"。ask sb. for sth. 是"向某人要求某物"，ask for sb. / sth. 表示"要求見某人；要求與某人談話；要某事物"等等。如：

She asked him for advice. 她向他征詢高見。

Did anyone ask for me? 有人找我嗎？

Did you ask your boss for a pay increase? 你請求老板加薪了嗎？