本章教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1. 通過本單元的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生學(xué)一點(diǎn)英語里的雙關(guān)語(俏皮話)，使所學(xué)語言幽默風(fēng)趣，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的興趣；同時(shí)注意外出旅行時(shí)應(yīng)注意的基本常識(shí)，學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)付突發(fā)事件。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立自主的生活習(xí)慣；
2. 學(xué)會(huì)使用構(gòu)詞法；
3. 學(xué)會(huì)使用英語中的雙關(guān)語，同位語從句和定語從句。
重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)突破
【對(duì)話】
1．Them am thousands of jokes in English which have a “play on words”...在英語里，有數(shù)以千計(jì)的“雙關(guān)語”的笑話。
Play on words名詞詞組“雙關(guān)語，俏皮話”，即利用同音異義詞或一詞多義的現(xiàn)象構(gòu)成含義詼諧或語義雙關(guān)的詞語。
Seven days without water makes one weak.七天不進(jìn)水就會(huì)使人虛弱。(weak同week同音，因此這句話聽起來也可以理解為“七天不進(jìn)水才算一個(gè)星期”。)Play on words也可以作短語動(dòng)詞，意為“說俏皮話”，“作文字游戲”。
2．I only laid the table.我只是擺桌子。
lay the table = set the table擺桌子(準(zhǔn)備吃飯)
Will you lay the table for supper?請(qǐng)擺好碗筷準(zhǔn)備吃飯好嗎?
He told the waiter to lay the table for eight.他要服務(wù)員擺了八個(gè)人吃飯的餐具。
聯(lián)想：lay eggs (雞、鴨)生蛋
3．(1) How did you find the fish, Madam?你覺得這魚怎么樣，小姐？
(2) Tell him what you think of him.把你對(duì)他的意見告訴他。
How do you find/like? sb. / sth. What do you think of sb./sth.?
這兩個(gè)句型常用于征詢某人對(duì)某人或某事的評(píng)價(jià)。
What do you think of the meeting ?你覺得這個(gè)會(huì)開得怎么樣？
How do you like/find the story?你覺得這個(gè)故事怎么樣？
【課文】
1．I'm just going down to the dinning car to get a coffee.我去餐車喝咖啡。get a coffee = get a cup of coffee要一杯咖啡
coffee作“咖啡”講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中可加a或數(shù)詞，表示“一杯、一份”講。
Three teas and three coffees, please.請(qǐng)來三杯茶和三杯咖啡。
Five whiskeys, please.來五杯威士忌酒。
2．Soon he got talking (start talking ) to another person ...沒多久他跟另外一個(gè)人攀談起來……
注意：get done ,get sth done
(1)get doing在口語中表示“開始……起來”。
Come! Let's get moving!喂，我們開始干起來吧。
Things haven't really got going yet.事情還沒有真正開展起來。
(2) get sb./sth. doing使某人或某物正在干某事
The lecture soon got us thinking.這次演講使我們深思。
3．They found that they had a lot in commom and got on well ...他們倆發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多共同點(diǎn)，談得很投機(jī)。
(1) have ... in common (with sb./in sth.)與……有共同之處、和……一樣
They have nothing in common with each other in their manners.他們彼此的舉止毫無共同之處。
In common with many people, he prefers classical music to pop.和許多人一樣，他喜歡古典音樂，而不喜歡流行音樂。
(2) in common共有，共用
Mr and Mrs Smith own the store in common.史密斯夫婦共有這商店。
4．a(chǎn)nd promised to get in touch again with each other...……答應(yīng)回美國(guó)后再相互聯(lián)系……
get in touch with與……取得聯(lián)系(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)；keep／be in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))
聯(lián)想：lose touch with 與……失去聯(lián)系(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)be out of touch with與……失去聯(lián)系(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))
I'll get in touch with you as soon as I return from America.我一從美國(guó)回來就和你取得聯(lián)系。
I've kept/been in touch with her for years.數(shù)年來我一直同她保持聯(lián)系。
5．He had gone through six carriages when/before he found he could go no further.他剛走過六節(jié)車廂就發(fā)現(xiàn)他不能再往前走了。
主語+had+過去分詞...+when／before+主語+謂語(過去時(shí))本句型是一種含有時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句，說明了主句的謂語動(dòng)作與從句的謂語動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的動(dòng)作緊跟在主句的動(dòng)作之后，可譯作“剛……就……”。
I had been there for a week when/before she returned.我剛在那呆了一個(gè)星期她就回來了。
6．He opened the window to see for himself.他把窗戶打開親自看一看。
區(qū)別：by oneself 獨(dú)自地；of oneself 自動(dòng)地; in oneself原來,本身for oneself自己、親自
I have no right to decide for myself.我沒權(quán)自己決定。
The bird builds its nest for itself.鳥自己筑巢。
7．They knew, or rather thought that ...他們知道，或者說他們認(rèn)為……or rather或者，更確切地說
He is a writer, or rather a novelist.他是一個(gè)作家，或者更確切地說是一位小說家。
He worked till late last night, or rather early this morning.他工作到深夜，或者更確切地說是今天凌晨。
8．I'm going to see what Dad is up to.我去看看爸爸在干什么。
(1)to do something在干(某事)有時(shí)含有密謀干壞事之意
Don't trust him. He is up to some tricks.別相信他。他在暗中搗鬼。
What is the boy up .to?這男孩子在干什么？
(2)應(yīng)由(某人)擔(dān)任或負(fù)責(zé)
It's up to you to decide whether to go or stay.該由你決定是走還是留。
It's up to you to give them all the help you can.你理應(yīng)盡力給他們幫助。
9．on one′s own = by oneself/alone獨(dú)自，靠自己的力量
Ever since his mother's death, he has been on his own.自從他母親死后，他一直自己生活。
Being on his own, he was afraid to go out.由于只有他一個(gè)人，他怕外出。
10．The message is that: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.他給你們留下了話：你們?nèi)ヂ灭^，房間已經(jīng)給你們訂好了。
(1) be to do
①是表示將來時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)。用于第二人稱時(shí)，常含有轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)別人指示的意思。
Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you are to go to her office after class.你的班主任帶給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。
②表示命令或指示時(shí)通常用于第三人稱。
“She is to be back before 11 o'clock ，”said the manager.經(jīng)理說，她必須在11點(diǎn)鐘以前回來。
The room is to be locked.這房間要上鎖。
③更常用來表示計(jì)劃或安排(做某事)
We are to begin the work next month.我們安排下個(gè)月開始這項(xiàng)工作。
They are to go traveling in August.他們計(jì)劃八月份去旅行。
(2)book預(yù)定(票，座位，房間等)注意：book order的區(qū)別
They have booked two tickets through to Beijing.他們訂購(gòu)了兩張直達(dá)北京的車票。
I have booked three seats on the plane for you.我已為你們定了三張飛機(jī)票。
Can you book two tables for me in the restaurant?你能在餐館里替我定兩桌嗎？
11．He will be arriving at about eleven o'clock.他今晚11點(diǎn)左右到。will be doing sth.一般將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
I'll be meeting Miss Black at the airport this afternoon.今天下午我要去機(jī)場(chǎng)接布萊克小姐。
(2)通常用來表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
-- What will you be doing at 7 o'clock this evening?你今晚7點(diǎn)做什么？
--Probably I'll be having my supper.很可能我在吃飯。
12．put the charge on their hotel bill.把這筆錢記在飯店的賬單上。charge.費(fèi)用，價(jià)錢，應(yīng)付項(xiàng)目聯(lián)想：in charge of in the charge of, take charge, take charge of
What's the charge for a room?一間房間收費(fèi)多少？
The charge for the taxi will be increased next month.出租車費(fèi)下個(gè)月要漲價(jià)。
You can see the film free of charge.你可以免費(fèi)看電影。Charge v.收費(fèi)，要價(jià)
What/How much do they charge for the suit at the shop?這套衣服商店要賣多少錢。
The hotel charged me 50 yuan for a room for the night.這旅館一間一晚收了我50元錢。
13．At around a quarter past eleven their father turned up.大約在十一點(diǎn)一刻，他們的父親露面了。反義詞組是turn down
turn up到來，出現(xiàn)，找到(常指出乎意外地到來或找到)；開大(收音機(jī)、電視機(jī)等)音量，或擰大(煤氣、燈、火等)的光亮
Guess who turned up at Mary's wedding.猜一猜誰突然出現(xiàn)在瑪麗的婚禮上。
The missing child turned up an hour later.一小時(shí)后丟失的孩子找到了。
Would you do me the favour to turn up the TV？你能把電視機(jī)的聲音擰大一點(diǎn)嗎？
14．I was still so angry I was determined to tell him what I thought of him.我仍然滿腔怒火，便決定把我對(duì)他的看法告訴他。
Determine--decide, make up one's mind 決心，決意，確定
(1) determine something
Let's determine the plan by a vote.我們投票來決定這個(gè)計(jì)劃吧。
(2)determine to do something 決定作某事
He has determined to settle down in the countryside.他已經(jīng)決定在鄉(xiāng)下定居。
Have you determined where to spend your holidays?你有沒有決定去哪里度假？
(3) be determined to do sth./that clause 有決心，下定決心
He was determined not to follow his advice.他決定不接受他的建議。
We were determined that we should never allow such things to happen again.我們決定這種事情決不允許再發(fā)生。
注意：①determine to do sth 決定做某事，指當(dāng)時(shí)決定的動(dòng)作。
②be determined to do sth. 下決心做某事時(shí)(系表)，著重于有決心的狀態(tài)，可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
He was determined to do it for a long time.他決定做這件事已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
③作狀語時(shí)要用過去分詞
He left his hometoun , determined never to come back again.他離開了家鄉(xiāng)決心再也不回來了。
15．Fartunately, I was in time for the interview.幸運(yùn)的是，我及時(shí)趕上了面試。
In time及時(shí)�？膳c介詞或動(dòng)詞不定式連用“趕上，趕到”。
The doctor came in time to save her life.醫(yī)生及時(shí)趕到救了她一命。
They got to the station in time for ( to catch ) the train.他們及時(shí)趕到車站趕上了火車。
拓展:in time還有“遲早”、“合拍”的意思
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析】
1. I'm just going down to the dining car to get a coffee.
我正要去餐車買一杯咖啡。
coffee通常不加-s，前面也不與不定冠詞a連用，但在餐館內(nèi)a coffee是“一杯咖啡”，two coffees 意思是“兩杯咖啡”。
2. The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.
他給你們留下了電話：要你們?nèi)ヂ灭^，房間已經(jīng)給你們定好了。
“be+不定式”是表示將來時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)，用于第二人稱時(shí)，常含有轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)別人指示的意思。
本句you are to go to the hotel…是鐵路人員轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)漢克給子女的口信，含有指示的意思。又如：
Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you are to go to her office after class.
你的班主任帶給你一個(gè)口信，要你下課后到她的辦公室去。
Mother says you're to finish your homework this evening.
媽要你今晚完成作業(yè)。
“be+不定式”表示命令或指示時(shí)通常用于第三人稱。例如：
“She is to be back before 11 o'clock, ” said the teacher.
老師說：“她必須在11點(diǎn)鐘以前回來�！�
The classroom is to be locked.
這教室要上鎖。
“be+不定式”更常用來表示計(jì)劃或安排(做某事)的意思。例如：
They are to plant some young trees next month.
他們計(jì)劃下個(gè)月種些樹。
The train for Wuhan is to start at 10∶20.
去武漢的火車10∶20開。
3. At that moment he remembered that all the tickets, passports and traveler's cheques were in his jacket that he had left hanging next to his seat.
這時(shí)他才想起全部車票、護(hù)照和旅行支票都放在他的夾克衫里，而夾克衫還掛在他的座位旁邊。
句中that he had left hanging next to his seat 是定語從句，修飾先行詞his jacket。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞leave后跟復(fù)合賓語，即leave sb. /sth. +v. -ing結(jié)構(gòu)，作“讓(某人/某事 )繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài)”解。例如：
Don't leave him waiting outside. Let him in.
不要讓他在外邊等著，叫他進(jìn)來。
Leave the piano standing in the corner.
讓鋼琴擺在角落里吧。
4. I was still so angry I was determined to tell him what I thought of him.
我仍然滿腔怒火，便決定把我對(duì)他的看法告訴他。
這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，I was determined to tell. . . 是一個(gè)由so. . . (that)引導(dǎo)的表結(jié)果的狀語從句，其中的that省去了，在口語中that�？墒÷裕秩纾�
The joke was so funny it made everybody laugh.
這笑話太可笑了，逗得大家捧腹大笑。
I'm so busy with my work I have no time to write a letter.
我工作太忙，沒有時(shí)間寫信。
It was so dark(that) I couldn't find my wallet on the floor.
天太黑了，我沒能發(fā)現(xiàn)地上的錢夾。
5. I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.
我很高興，經(jīng)理決定不因?yàn)槲以?jīng)粗魯?shù)貙?duì)待他而對(duì)我大發(fā)雷霆。
for having been so rude是狀語，說是be angry的原因，其中having been是-ing的完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
I don't remember having told you about it.
我不記得曾經(jīng)和你說過那件事。
Jim was punished for having killed the dog.
吉姆為殺死了那條狗而受到處罰。
I was sorry for having wasted so much time.
我感到很遺憾，過去浪費(fèi)了太多的時(shí)間。
核心知識(shí)
【常用單詞積累】
play on words treat. . . as. . . lay the table get talking connect. . . to. . . up to turn up be determined to do sth drive off be a danger to
【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)精講】
1. There are thousands of jokes in English which have a “play on words”.
英語中有成千上萬的笑話，其中有一語雙關(guān)語。
(1)play在本句中為及物動(dòng)詞，意為“玩(游戲)，打球，演奏，打牌”等。e. g.
They played delightful games in a grass-covered court.
他們?cè)诒徊莞采w的球場(chǎng)上高興地玩著游戲。
(2)play為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意為“玩，打球(接球類名詞)，演奏”。e. g.
Children like to play. 孩子們喜歡玩。
(3)本句play on words為雙關(guān)語，意為“玩文字游戲”(固定詞組)。英語中雙關(guān)語利用同音或同形詞取得幽默風(fēng)趣的效果。
2. Don't ask me, sir. I only laid the table.
別問我，先生，我只是擺了桌子。
(1)句子lay(laid, laid)為及物動(dòng)詞，意為“放，放置”。e. g.
A clerk laid a slip of paper on the desk. 職員在桌上放了一張紙。
(2) lay eggs意為“產(chǎn)卵，下蛋”。e. g.
Laying eggs is her full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是她的專職工作。
lay aside放在一邊，存蓄。e. g.
①Why don't you lay that problem aside for a while?
為什么你不把那個(gè)問題擱一擱呢?
②She had managed to lay aside three dollars.
她已經(jīng)設(shè)法存蓄了三美元。
3. Soon he got talking to another person who happened to be American too.
沒多久他跟另外一個(gè)人攀談起來，這個(gè)人碰巧也是美國(guó)人。
句中g(shù)et talking意為“開始談起話來”，get后接現(xiàn)在分詞表示變化的狀態(tài)�，F(xiàn)在分詞與句中主語具有主動(dòng)關(guān)系。e. g.
It's half past seven--We must get going. 時(shí)間是七點(diǎn)半，我們必須動(dòng)身。
get后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、名詞或介詞短語，表示變化狀態(tài)。e. g.
①He got married/drunk/lost/burnt/engaged/caught. 他結(jié)婚了/喝醉了/迷路了/燒傷了/ 訂婚了/碰到了。
②He is getting (to be) an old man. 他快要變成一位老人了。
③It's getting near lunch time. 吃中飯的時(shí)間就要到了。
4. At around a quarter past eleven their father turned up.
大約在十一點(diǎn)一刻，他們的父親露面了。
句中turn up為固定詞組，意為“趕約(開會(huì))；出席”。e. g.
①If he doesn't turn up soon, we shall have to go without him.
如果他不馬上來(開會(huì))，沒有他我們照樣進(jìn)行。
②For some reason he didn't turn up.
由于某種原因，他沒有出席。
turn為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意為“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)；轉(zhuǎn)身”。用作不及物動(dòng)詞后跟副詞或介詞短語。用作連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)后跟形容詞或名詞作表語，名詞前一般不加冠詞。e. g.
①I turned my head and saw the man. 我轉(zhuǎn)過頭來，看見了那個(gè)人。
②He turned pale at the thought. 聽到這個(gè)想法，他的臉變得蒼白了。
③He has turned traitor. 他成了叛徒。
5. I was still so angry that I was determined to tell him what I thought of him.
我非常生氣，便決定把我對(duì)他的看法告訴他。
本句中determined為形容詞作表語，意為“有決心的”；再跟不定式，表示決心或決定去做某事。否定時(shí)在不定式to前加not。e. g.
He was quite determined to teach them a lesson. 他下決心教訓(xùn)了他們一頓。
be determined that-clause意為“決心；決定；斷定”。后跟從句其謂語動(dòng)詞一般用should+動(dòng)詞原形，表示主觀臆斷；也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞直接接不定式；用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)直接接賓語。e. g.
①He had been determined that no one should know. 他已斷定無人知道。
②I determined to become an engineer. 我決意要當(dāng)技師。
③Content determines form. 內(nèi)容決定形式。
6. I told him that he did not consider other road-users and it was a danger to other people.
我告訴他，他毫不考慮路上其他的人，他對(duì)別人構(gòu)成了危險(xiǎn)。
句中danger為名詞，意為“危險(xiǎn)”。表示具體概念�？杉硬欢ü谠~，其意思是“危險(xiǎn)的人”或者“危險(xiǎn)的事”。e. g.
Smoking is a danger to health. 吸煙對(duì)健康是一種威脅。
習(xí)慣搭配
danger一般為不可數(shù)名詞，表示抽象概念，意為“危險(xiǎn)”；形容詞dangerous意為“危險(xiǎn)的 ”，作表語或者定語。e. g.
①All danger was over. 所有危險(xiǎn)結(jié)束了。
②A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一點(diǎn)知識(shí)是危險(xiǎn)的事情。
聯(lián)想遷移
下面各句已將常用的幾個(gè)抽象名詞具體化，在其前加上不定冠詞，表示具體的人或物，但fun這個(gè)單詞例外，其前不加冠詞。e. g.
①He was a failure as a teacher. 他不是一個(gè)好教師。
②Glasses are a help to them. 眼鏡對(duì)他們來說是幫助之物。
③She is a beauty. 她是一個(gè)美人。
④What great fun it is to swim in the river! 到河里游泳是多么有趣!
7. The changes which occurred in the past ten years have made the city look entirely different.
過去十年里所發(fā)生的變化已經(jīng)使得這個(gè)城市看上去完全不同了。
句中occur為不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“發(fā)生或產(chǎn)生某種想法”；還有“出現(xiàn)在腦中或被想到”之義。e. g.
At the beginning of June an event occurred. 六月份，事件發(fā)生了。
習(xí)慣搭配
occur經(jīng)常用在以it作形式主語的句中，真正主語用從句或不定式。e. g.
It never occurred to me for a moment you meant that. 你所指的那件事對(duì)我來說從沒發(fā)生過�！締卧R(shí)綱要】
類 別
語言項(xiàng)目
詞 匯
carriage, track, charge, brake, lay the table, in common, turn up, shout at, treat. . . as, be up to something.
日常交
際用語
I don't want to know what it has been.
What's wrong with these eggs?
Waiter, will the pancakes be long?
How did you find the fish, Madam?
語 法
復(fù)習(xí)定語從句和同位語從句的用法。
典型例題
【基礎(chǔ)題】
★例1Here is my card. Let's keep in _________.
A．touch B．relation C．connection D．friendship
導(dǎo)析：該題考查了固定搭配“keep in touch”(保持聯(lián)系)常見的基本固定形式。答案：A
★★例2I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please _______ ?
A．turn it on B．turn it down C, turn it up D．turn it off
導(dǎo)析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語的辨析。句中的意思是“我?guī)缀醪荒苈犚娛找魴C(jī)，請(qǐng)你把它的音量調(diào)大點(diǎn)好嗎？”答案：C
【易錯(cuò)題】
★★★例1The room is too small. So we can't leave the desk ________in the middle of the room.
A．stand B．standing C．stood D．to stand
導(dǎo)析：本題考查的是動(dòng)詞leave后跟復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。leave后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作補(bǔ)語，因此句中desk和stand之間構(gòu)成的是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用standing。答案：B
★★例2Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A．pay B．paying C．paid D．to pay
導(dǎo)析：本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞(過去分詞)的用法。get此處相當(dāng)于助動(dòng)詞be，后面加上過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。答案：C
【名校模擬題與高考題】
★★★例1The murder was brought in, with his hands _____behind his back.
A．being tied B．having tied C．to be tied D．tied
導(dǎo)析：his hands是tied的邏輯主語，與tied之間構(gòu)成的是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，此時(shí)tie his hands這個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成。答案：D
★★★例2(2001年，上海春季)_______is no possibility ________Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A．There; that B．It; that
C．There; whether D．It; whether
導(dǎo)析：句型There is no possibility that...=It is impossible that...，連詞that引導(dǎo)possibility的同位語從句。答案：A