一、名詞性從句的基本概念
在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句,包括作主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
1.主語(yǔ)從句
就是在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)的從句。主語(yǔ)從句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)。如:
Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否來(lái)還是問(wèn)題。
That China is a great socialist country is well known. 眾所周知,中國(guó)是一個(gè)偉大的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。
注:為避免頭重腳輕,使句子平衡,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而將主語(yǔ)從句后置。如上述第二例常說(shuō)成:
It is well known that China is a great socialist country.
以it作形式主語(yǔ),把主語(yǔ)從句后置的常用句型有:
1. It + be +形容詞+that從句
2. It + be + 名詞詞組 + that從句
3. It + be + 過(guò)去分詞 + that從句
4. It + seem, happen, appear等不及物 動(dòng)詞 + that從句
但是,由連接代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不能用形式主語(yǔ)。如:
What he found surprised me greatly. 他的發(fā)現(xiàn)使我非常吃驚。
Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。
2表語(yǔ)從句
就是在連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ)的從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接除與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞外,還有as if, as though。如:
The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 問(wèn)題是他能否單獨(dú)做這件事。
It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。
區(qū)分以下句式:
1. that’s why+結(jié)果;that’s because+原因。
2. The reason why /for…is that…
He is absent. That’s because he is ill. 他缺席,這是因?yàn)樗×恕?/p>
He is ill. That’s why he is absent. 他病了,這就是他缺席的原因。
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。
3賓語(yǔ)從句
就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的從句。引導(dǎo)這賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞基本相同。如:
They didn’t say which they wanted. 他們沒(méi)有說(shuō)他們想要哪一個(gè)。
I was surprised at what has happened.我對(duì)發(fā)生的事感到驚訝。
注意1: 當(dāng)think, believe, suppose等的疑問(wèn)式后面跟連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),習(xí)慣上將這些連接詞置于句首,即“連接代/副詞+do you think /believe /expect+賓語(yǔ)從句的其余部分?
___________________is the best player this year? 你認(rèn)為今年誰(shuí)是最佳球員?
___________________________________________? 你建議派誰(shuí)去那里工作?
注意2 在動(dòng)詞think, believe, expect, suppose, guess等后帶that賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),若從句是否定句,常將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。
注意3:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后,賓語(yǔ)從句常用“(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。
注意4:如果賓語(yǔ)從句后邊還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
這種句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有think, make, feel, find, consider.
He has made it clear that anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
4同位語(yǔ)從句
就是在句中作同位語(yǔ)的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan,
doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面,說(shuō)明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語(yǔ)從句大多由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導(dǎo),但不能由
which引導(dǎo)。如:
He must answer the question _______he agrees to it or not.
The fact ______ she had not said anything surprised all of us.
有時(shí),同位語(yǔ)從句并不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的詞的后面。如:
The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.
同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別是:前者說(shuō)明名詞的內(nèi)容,后者說(shuō)明名詞的性質(zhì)特征;前者所用連詞that不是從句的一個(gè)成分,后者所用關(guān)系代詞that是從句中的一個(gè)成分。
試比較:He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed
first.(__________從句)
The suggestion that he had put forward was turn down.(___________從句)
二、名詞性從句的基本要素
A. 連接詞
就是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)連接詞。共有四類(lèi):
1. 連詞that:只起連接作用,沒(méi)有任何意思,不作任何句子成分,在賓語(yǔ)從句中可省略。
2. 連詞whether:有“是否”之意,但不作句子成分;引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還可用if。
3. 連接代詞:who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意義,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。
4. 連接副詞:when, where, why, how等,有意義,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
5. whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,意為“無(wú)論/不管……”。
B. 語(yǔ)序
在名詞性從句中,從句一律使用陳述語(yǔ)序。
譯:我不知道他去哪里了。I don’t know___________________________
C. 時(shí)態(tài)一致
若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài);若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用某種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:
She said that his father____gone to Beijing. 他說(shuō)他父親去北京了。
如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀真理,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The old man said the sun ______ in the east and _______ in the west.
幾組易混引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別。
1. What 與 that
在名詞性從句中,what和that都可作關(guān)連詞,其區(qū)別在于:what在從句中要而且一定要充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等),因此在任何情況下都不能省略,表示“什么”,所…的事(物、話),相當(dāng)于the thing that或the thing which。that本身沒(méi)有詞匯意義,在名詞從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中,賓語(yǔ)從句中的that經(jīng)常省略。
(1) __________ you have done might do harm to others.
(2) _________caused the accident is a complete mystery .
(3)_________he has set out to prepare for the coming exams is satisfying.
2. whether與if
whether 和 if 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以互換使用,但下列情況用whether不用if。
(1) 在whether or not結(jié)構(gòu)中不可用if代替whether
I don’t know whether or not he’ll come.
(2)介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句用whether,不用if
Everything depends on whether the situation will improve.
(3)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句用whether不用if
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
The question is whether it is worth doing.
(4) whether 可用在不定式前,if 則不能.
Please tell me whether to go or not.
3. whoever與who
You can give the book to _______ wins first place
______is to take Li Ming’s place is being discussed.
4. what 與which
There are many books. Can you tell me ____ book you like best?