“推理判斷”在閱讀理解中屬于深層次題，而且在高考中占很大比重。
“推理判斷”題要求在理解整個語篇的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章所提供信息的各個方面著手，抓住關(guān)鍵語句，運用邏輯思維，并借助常識，透過表層，理解文章的深層含義或寓意。盡管這項技能難以掌握，但在歷屆高考考試中，甚至一切考試中，它都倍受出題者的青睞。
一、出題模式
考查考生對整個語篇進行判斷推理的能力時，通常是以下列方式提出問題的：
1. We can conclude that... 2. We may infer that...
3. The writer suggests that... 4. The story implies that...
5. What the writer really means is... 6. It can be inferred from the passage that...
7. According to the passage, you can see... 8. It can be seen from the passage that...
考查考生對作者觀點、態(tài)度及語氣、語調(diào)的理解時，常見的設(shè)問有：
1. What does the author think of...? 2. How does the author feel about...?
3. What's the tone of this passage? 4. The tone of this passage is...
考查考生文章的來源或該文的出處做出判斷時， 通常提問的方式有：
1. This selection might be some parts of a book concerned with...
2. This passage might be taken out of a book dealing with...
3. Where did this passage most probably appear?
4. These extracts are probably taken from...
二、技巧解疑
要進行正確的推理，首先應(yīng)對文章的寫作特點或推理特點有所了解。推理是揭示事態(tài)的原因或結(jié)果，這類文章通常是以三種方式展開的。
第一種是從結(jié)果到原因，重點在原因。其推理方式往往是首先提出一個問題或敘述一個事實，然后給予答案或說明原因。
第二種推理方式是從原因到結(jié)果，重點在結(jié)果。其推理方式是首先在導(dǎo)言中提出問題，然后指出或列舉這個問題可能引起或已經(jīng)引起的后果。
第三種推理方式是因果連鎖反應(yīng)，即前一個矛盾統(tǒng)一體中的結(jié)果又連為后一個矛盾統(tǒng)一體中的原因。掌握文章的推理方式，在進行推理時是大有幫助的。
其次是要看清題意和題型要求，還要在閱讀時注意收集各種線索，捕捉與之有關(guān)的信息。另
外，在選擇答案時，因其大同小異，模棱兩可，應(yīng)根據(jù)題意要求，選擇最切合原文內(nèi)容的一個。但往往很多文章并不嚴(yán)格依照這三種模式來展開，所以，做題時就得靠考生保持清醒的頭腦，從文章給出的事實和邏輯兩個方面去判斷推理了。 當(dāng)考生遇到問及作者的態(tài)度，觀點的考題時，首先要通讀全文，對文章的寫作風(fēng)格有所了解，尤其要仔細領(lǐng)會文章的主題思想，因為它通常能規(guī)定作者的寫作筆調(diào)。其次，要注意作者在描述事物，表達觀點時遣詞造句的方式。因為在表達個人看法時，作者往往用一些帶有個人感情色彩或褒貶分明的詞匯，閱讀時多加注意就能做出正確的判斷。
下面，我們一起來看看一篇閱讀理解題的片段，試試能否選出正確答案。
(1) …
(2) …
(3) Social psychologist Carrol Dweck, PhD, tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.
(4) “Praising attributes(品質(zhì)) or abilities makes a false promise that success will come to you because you have that quality, and it devalues effort, so children are afraid to take on challenges, ” says Dweck, now at Stanford University, “They figure they’s better quit while they’re ahead.”
62. The author quoted(引用) Dr. Dweck’s words in the last paragraph in order to make the article
_____.
A. better-known B. better-organized C. more percussive D. more interesting
63. We can infer from the passage that _____.
A. praise for efforts should be more encouraged
B. praise for results works better than praise for efforts
C. praising a child’s achievements benefits his or her success in life
D. praising a child’s abilities encourage him or her to take on challenges
以上兩小題均為推理判斷題，答案沒有直接表達在短文里，但62題從第四段引用Dr. Dweck’s 的話，讓人看到這種表揚會導(dǎo)致孩子們退縮，害怕挑戰(zhàn)，從而使文章更具震撼力。所以答案為C。63從第三段She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”.可以得知答案是A。
從上面例題我們可以看出，推斷的內(nèi)容在文章中雖沒有明確的敘述，但卻暗含在文字之中。因此在進行推斷時，必須要靠有關(guān)的文字部分作為推理的前提和依據(jù)，千萬不能想當(dāng)
三、高考實戰(zhàn)
請做08年天津高考卷閱讀理解題的D篇。本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了被動獲得知識所存在的一個嚴(yán)重的問題--被告知的可能是謠言。并用現(xiàn)實生活中簡單的事例加以說明。
We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively（被動地）. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.
We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers.
Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor(謠言).
Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That person, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game. The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared. Typically, the original message has changed.
That’s what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping（打上標(biāo)記）it with their own personal style. Yet those who hear it think they know.
This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be re-stated as fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.
48. According to the passage, passive learning may occur in _______.
A. doing a medical experiment B. solving a math problem
C. visiting an exhibition D. doing scientific reasoning
49. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to _____.
A. active learning B. knowledge C. communication D. passive learning
50. The author mentions the game Rumor to show that _____.
A. a message may be changed when being passed on
B. a message should be delivered in different ways
C. people may have problems with their sense of hearing
D. people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor
51. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Active learning is less important. B. Passive learning may not be reliable.
C. Active learning occurs more frequently. D. Passive learning is not found among scholars.
請做08年高考全國卷Ⅰ閱讀理解E篇。本文介紹了美國著名的生物學(xué)家Edward Wilson 的著作The Future of Life中的一些有關(guān)如何開發(fā)、利用和保護自然資源的情況。
Edward Wilson is America’s, if not the world’s, leading naturalist. In The Future of Life, he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources(資源). How are they used? What has been lost? What remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use? Wilson also points out the need to understand fully the biodiversity(生物多樣性)of our earth.
Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (環(huán)境) protection, Henry David Thoreau. He compares today’s Walden Pond with that of Thoreau’s day. Wilson will use such comparisons for the rest of the book. The problem is clear: man has done great damage to his home over the years. Van the earth, with human help, be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able to support us in the future?
Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today. Even our agricultural crops can gain advantages from it. A mere hundred species(物種) are the basis of our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.
At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the environment. If you are to continue to live on the earth, you may well read and act on the ideas in this book.
72. We learn from the text that Wilson cares most about ______
A. the environment for plants B. the biodiversity of our earth
C. the wastes of natural resources D. the importance of human values
75. We can infer that the text is _______
A. a description of natural resources B. a research report
C. a book review D. an introduction to a scientist.
總之，“推理判斷”只是英語閱讀能力中的一部分，而該能力的培養(yǎng)是一個漸進的復(fù)雜過程，要養(yǎng)成每天閱讀英語的習(xí)慣，循序漸進，持之以恒，精泛結(jié)合，廣泛獵奇。在潛移默化中你會感覺到你的閱讀能力又有了長足的提高。
答案：
48. 推理判斷題。由文章第二段前兩句we achieve knowledge passively by being told by some else,……in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV of read newspaper or magazines is passive可知被動學(xué)習(xí)是指由別人告知所獲得的知識。故選C. A、B、D 都是主動學(xué)習(xí)。
49. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)it 所在句可知這個代詞指代的是前句所提的被動學(xué)習(xí)，句意：在日常生活中依靠被動學(xué)習(xí)并不奇怪。D為正確答案.。
50. 推理判斷題。通過第四段最后一句可知，原始的含義改變了，例證了第三段提出的論點“被動學(xué)習(xí)使我們接受被告知的事物，甚至有時是謠言�！币虼薃項為正確項。
51. 推理判斷題。此題可用排除法。A、C兩項未提，而由最后一段第一句可知D項不正確。由文章第三段加后幾段的例證可推知B 項正確。
72. 推理判斷題。文章第一段Edward Wilson的書The Future of Life不僅讓我們對資源的來龍去脈有一個很好地了解,而且指出“我們有必要對地球的生物多樣性有一個充分的了解�！钡谌蔚恼Z句Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today.也說明了Biodiversity是解決地球面臨許多問題的關(guān)鍵。故選B項。
75. 推理判斷題。從文章開頭的In The Future of Life, he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources(資源).到結(jié)尾處的At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values…可知該文是介紹一本書的內(nèi)容。故選C項。