1. It will be sent into space so that anyone who finds it will understand who we are.
1)這是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的句子。其中在so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，又含有一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句（who finds it）修飾
“anyone”和另一個(gè)由 who引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
2)so that(= in order that)在引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時(shí)，意思是“目的為了、以便使得”。在引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時(shí)，意思是“結(jié)果；因此”。
It rained hard last Sunday so that we had to stay at home all day.
上星期天雨下得很大，因此我們不得不在家呆了一整天。（結(jié)果狀語從句）．
Please speak clearer so that we can understand you.請說得再清楚些，以便我們能聽懂你的話。（目的狀語從句）
注意：“so…that…”表示“如此……以致于……”，后跟形容詞或副詞原級，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。如：
The problem is so difficult that I can't work it out.這道題太難，我做不出來。
2. selects choose 與pick out 的區(qū)別
三者都有“選擇”之意，但它們的語意各有側(cè)重。select是“精選”之意，指有目的地、認(rèn)真地按照一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在一些人或東西中選出一些好的，棄掉一些差的；choose使用范圍廣，通常指在所提供的對象中，憑個(gè)人的判斷力進(jìn)行選擇，意為 “挑選出來”，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)“精選”；pick out比較口語化，指按個(gè)人喜好或希望進(jìn)行挑選，有“仔細(xì)挑選”的意思。
You can choose any book you like.你可以選擇你喜歡的書。 We must select some for seeds．我們要選一些做種子。
We must select some for seeds.請選出你最喜歡的郵票。
3．represent的用法
represent是動詞，有“代表;（畫面）描繪; （符號等）表示”之意。如： Our headmaster could not go to the meeting, so Mr Smith represented him.我們的校長不能去參加會議，所以史密斯先生代表他去了。
The sign "&" represents the word "and" .符號＆代表單詞“and”之意。
This painting represents a storm of sea.這幅畫描繪了海上風(fēng)暴的景色。
［短語］represent oneself as自稱； be representative of代表，表示
4. living, alive, live 與 lively 的區(qū)另
它們都可用作形容詞，都和“活著”有關(guān)，但用法上不盡相同。
1) living主要用作定語，修飾人或物均可，常置于所修飾的名詞之前，有時(shí)也置其后。它還可用作表語。如：
She is regarded as one of the best living presidents at present.她被看作是當(dāng)今最好的總統(tǒng)之一。
2）alive是形容詞，意思是“活著的；存在的”；為表語形容詞，既可指人；也可指物，常和 living互換；作定語時(shí)，應(yīng)放在所修飾的名詞之后。如：Who is the greatest man alive?誰是當(dāng)今活著的最偉大的人？
He died in the accident, but his driver was still alive / living.在車禍中他死了，但他的司機(jī)仍然活著。
She must be still alive．她一定還活著。
3）live可用作形容詞，表“活的，有生命的”，作定語時(shí)常放在所表示物的名詞之前，一般不指人。如：
Look ! The cat is playing with a live mouse.瞧！這貓?jiān)谒Ｅ恢换罾鲜蟆?/p>
注意：live還可以表示“（廣播等）現(xiàn)場直播的/地，實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的/地”，用作形容詞或副詞。如：
It wasn't a recorded show; it was live.這不是放錄像節(jié)目，這是實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。
4) lively意思是“活潑；活躍；充滿生機(jī)的”，用作定語或表語，既可指人，又可指物。
The professor had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.那教授有一種奇特的方法使他的課生動有趣。
I feel everything here is very lively.我覺得這兒一切富有生機(jī)。
5.include, including ，included和contain的區(qū)別
1) include只能用作及物動詞，意思是“包括；包含”。它側(cè)重指包含者是整體的一部分。如：
The book includes two chapters on grammar.這本書有兩章關(guān)于語法的。 The list includes many new names.名單上有許多新名字。
2）including是現(xiàn)在分詞，在許多情況下用作介詞，后面可直接跟賓語，含有補(bǔ)充說明之意。如：
Thirty passengers were hurt, including 5 children.三十個(gè)人受傷，包括五個(gè)孩子。
3）included是過去分詞，在表示“包括……在內(nèi)”時(shí)常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后，起著“補(bǔ)充說明”的作用。如：
They will send you the book for $ 15, postage included他們將把此書寄給你，單價(jià)15美元，包括郵資在內(nèi)。
4）contain也有“包含；含有”的意思。它指包含者是某物的組成部分（或內(nèi)容）。如：
Orange juice contains things which help keep you healthy.桔汁里含有有益于健康的東西。Sea water contains salt.海水里含有鹽.
6.Where there is a river, there is a city.凡有河流的地方，必有城市。
where在句中用作連詞，意為“在（到）……的地方”，用來引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句。
We should go where we are most needed by the Party.我們應(yīng)該到黨最需要我們的地方去。
Where there is life, there is hope.留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。（直譯：哪兒有生命，哪兒就有希望。）
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在你有疑問的地方做個(gè)記號
注意： l）where在用作關(guān)系副詞時(shí)，常用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在定語從句中作狀語。如：
This is the house where I lived two years ago.這就是我兩年前住過的地方。
2）where作連接副詞時(shí)，常用來引導(dǎo)不定式或名同性從句。如：
I can't decide where to go for our holiday.我決定不了去哪兒度假。 Where they have gone is not known yet.他們?nèi)ツ膬毫松胁磺宄?/p>
7. It is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.確實(shí)，世界上許多大城市都是建在河畔上。
英語中“It + be + adj. /p.p. + that…”是一個(gè)很重要的句型。這里的“it”叫形式主語，真正的主語是“that”引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 這位科學(xué)家下周來給我們講課，這是真的嗎？
It is said that at least ten buildings will be built soon in our city.據(jù)說我市不久要至少建十棟大樓。
8.try to do sth., try doing sth. 與manage to do sth.的區(qū)別
try doing sth．是“試著做某事”。try to do sth．是“設(shè)法去做”（但不涉及是否成功）。manage to do sib．意思是“設(shè)法做成某事”，（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于 succeed in doing sth）。如：The box is very heavy, but I can manage to carry it.箱子很重，但我能扛起它。
I tried to persuade him to go to school again，but he wouldn’t．我盡力說服他重返校園，但他不愿意。
9.lay in pieces on the ground破爛不堪地散落在地上
這里的lay是lie（躺；位于；處于某種狀態(tài)）的過去式，使用時(shí)要注意下面的詞形變化：
lie、lied、lied、lying說謊；撒謊 lie、lay、lain、lying躺；平躺；位于 lay、laid、laid、laying擺放；產(chǎn)卵
He lied to his parents, so they didn't like him.他欺騙了父母，所以他們不喜歡他。
She shut the door and left the room with a lot of books lying on the ground.她關(guān)上了門，離開了房間，地上擺滿了書。
10. do everything (all/ what ) sb. can to + v. 盡力做某事
句型中的動詞不定式（to＋v）用作目的狀語。使用該句型時(shí)，要特別注意不要受情態(tài)動詞“can”的影響而省去了“to”。如：
I'll do all I can to finish the work. I'll do everything I can to finish the work.
I'll do what I can to finish the work. 我會盡力完成任務(wù)。
11. be used to do sth., used to do sth. 與 be (get / become)used to doing sth.的區(qū)別
be used to do sth．意思是“被用來做什么”，是 use的被動語態(tài)，to do sth作目的狀語。used to do sth．表示“過去常常做某事（但現(xiàn)在不做了）”。be（get become）used to doing sth．表示“習(xí)慣于干某事”，是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。used是形容詞，to用作介詞，后跟名詞或動名詞。The wood is used to make desks and chairs.木頭被用來做桌子和椅子。My grandmother used to dance a lot when she was young.我祖母年輕時(shí)經(jīng)常跳舞。He has become used to living in the countryside.他已習(xí)慣于生活在農(nóng)村。
12.missing與lost的區(qū)別
這兩個(gè)詞都可以表示“丟失；失去”等意思，但含義和用法不同：missing表示“已不在適當(dāng)?shù)幕蛩诖奈恢谩�，�?qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)該有、而缺少。lose表示“丟失”之意，語氣較強(qiáng)，一般指某物丟失，不易找回來了。如：On the table there is a book with two pages missing.桌子上有本少了兩頁的書。They are looking for the missing / lost child who lost his parents when he was a child,他們正在尋找失蹤的孩子，這孩子小時(shí)候就失去了父母。
13. damage, destroy, harm 及 hurt 的區(qū)別
這幾個(gè)詞都有“傷害”的意思，但含義和用法不同：damage“損失＂，主要用于物，表示部分的損失，一般可以修復(fù)。destroy“毀滅；消滅”，指通過某種有力的或粗暴的手段使之毀滅或無用，一般不能或很難恢復(fù)。Harm“傷害；損害”，常用于口語，指“肉體、精神、健康”等方面均可。 hurt主要指精神上或肉體上的“創(chuàng)傷；傷害”。如：The earthquake destroyed the whole city.地震毀了整個(gè)城市。They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged.他們設(shè)法修復(fù)了受到破壞的房子。Smoking seriously harmed your health.吸煙嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了你的健康。His words hurt my feelings.他的話傷了我的感情。
14．“make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)用法小結(jié)
make在表示“使得、讓”之意時(shí)，常用“make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)；賓補(bǔ)可為：形容詞、不帶to的不定式。名詞、過去分詞。如：He tried to make us ho．他設(shè)法使我們高興。 What makes you think so？什么使你這樣想呢？ We made her our team leader．我們選她當(dāng)隊(duì)長。 He soon made himself understood．他很快使別人懂得了他的意思。
【語法點(diǎn)評］ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動語態(tài)由“has／have＋been+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，使用時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1) 只帶有一個(gè)賓語的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。
主動：We have built many house in the past ten years. 被動：Many houses have been built in the past ten years.
注意：有些表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)。如： I have had many books．（√）
Many books have been had by me.（x）
2) 帶有雙賓語的動詞，如：give，send，bring，take,，show，tell，make, sing，write，read, sell，buy，ask，pay，horrow，lend，offer，hand，pass，get，promise等，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，可將其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)保留不動。如：
主動： I have given him the book．被動： He has been given the book．被動： The book has been given（to）him．
注意：帶有雙賓語的動詞在由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，一般都是把表“人”的賓語（間接賓語）變?yōu)橹髡Z。
3)帶有復(fù)合賓語（賓語十賓語補(bǔ)足語）的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，只能將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語仍留在原處，改稱為主語補(bǔ)足語。原來為省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的，主動語態(tài)中要用帶t。的不定式。如。
主動：I have given him the book. 被動：He has been given the book.
主動：I have asked him to help you. 被動：He has been asked to help you.
4）短語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，要注意保持短語動詞的完整性，動詞后面原有的介詞或副詞切不可遺漏。如：
主動：I have made him work hard. 被動：He has been made to work hard.
主動：He has referred to the book. 被動：The book has been referred to (by him )
He has thought of a way of doing it. (√ ) A way of doing it has been thought of. (√ ) A way has been thought of of doing it. (√ )
A way has been thought of doing it. (x )
5）由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，還要注意主謂一致。如：
主動：He has written three novels. 被動： Three novels have been written (by him) .