Teaching objectives and demands:
1. After learning this unit, the students are supposed to master the following words and expressions: Venice; be in love with; ducat; shylock; moneylender; greedy; agreement; make a promise; flesh; maid; court; trial; mercy; merciful; bitter; weakness; judgment; desire; learned; Rome; take one’s seat; greet; greeting; troublesome; be seated; bless; use one’s head; according; according to; do the deed; take… in one’s arm; drop; justice; at the mercy of; punishment; comfort; pride; take pride in; relation; play the role of; queen; cold-blooded; poet
2. Grammar: in learning the unit, we are going to revise the infinitive
3. Language use: the students are got involved in listening, speaking, reading and writing practice to improve their language use abilities.
4. Ethnic teaching, cultural and historical knowledge: the students are supposed to learn something about Shakespeare and his plays.
背景知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介
本單元課文 The Merchant of Venice 是根據(jù)英國(guó)作家威廉莎士比亞 （William Shakespeare）的同名作品改編而成。
《威尼斯商人》寫(xiě)商人安東尼奧為了幫助朋友巴薩尼奧成婚，向高利貸者夏洛克轉(zhuǎn)借現(xiàn)金。夏洛克出于嫉妒，以到期不還可以割安東尼奧身上一磅肉為條件把錢(qián)借給了他。安東尼奧因破產(chǎn)到期無(wú)法償還借款，夏洛克堅(jiān)持照約處罰，巴薩尼奧未婚妻鮑西婭喬裝打扮成律師出庭，終于擊敗夏洛克。《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亞早期的重要作品，大約寫(xiě)于 1596 - 1597 。
安東尼奧是本劇中的肯定形象，他高尚正直、坦白直率，熱心為善、多情尚義、心腸仁慈、重視友誼。當(dāng)夏洛克堅(jiān)持要從他身上割下一磅肉時(shí)，他雖然為朋友遭殺身之禍，卻毫無(wú)怨言，仍以朋友的幸福為重。
鮑西亞是莎士比亞理想中的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)新女性，是作者竭力稱(chēng)頌的人物。她渴望個(gè)人幸福，追求以愛(ài)情為基礎(chǔ)的婚姻；她選擇丈夫的條件不是門(mén)第和財(cái)富，而是個(gè)人的人品相貌和才能。她她通情練達(dá)，有膽有略，淳樸賢淑，而又樂(lè)觀俏皮。在法庭上，面對(duì)強(qiáng)手，她胸有成竹，氣概非凡，有條不紊，欲擒故縱。
夏洛克是一個(gè)拜金注意者，對(duì)金錢(qián)貪得無(wú)厭，冷酷無(wú)情，吝嗇卑鄙。
莎士比亞是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期英國(guó)杰出的戲劇家和詩(shī)人，也是世界文學(xué)史上最杰出的作家之一。他的作品是人類(lèi)文化史上的珍品。他的作品Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》，Romeo and Juliet 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》等反映了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)，表達(dá)了人文主義的社會(huì)政治思想。
Time arrangement:
This unit is going to be finished in 6~7 teaching periods, including a unit test.
Key and difficult points of this unit:
1. Grammar: the infinitive.
2. Words and useful expressions
3. Listening and writing practice
Lesson 41 – 42 - 43
Teaching objectives:
1. Students are required to master the following words and useful expressions: See the list above.
2. Grammar: in learning the unit, we are going to revise infinitive
3. Language use: Manipulate listening, speaking practice for the students to use the language.
Teaching aids: tape recorder; slide show and blackboard CAI.
Teaching methods: Reading-note making and oral practice.
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the key points of the previous unit.
Step 2. Pre-reading report
Pick out some students to report to the class their research in the encyclopedia or the web about William Shakespeare.
Step 3. Scanning – oral report
Now get the students to read the texts and tell us the plot of the play.
Step 4. Scanning
Tell the students to read the text more carefully to find out the specific information. Answer the questions in Exercise 1 on P115 in the workbook. Pick out some students to answer the questions.
Step 5. Language points
(1) agreement 契約，協(xié)議；同意；一致；（時(shí)態(tài)的）呼應(yīng)、一致
There is no agreement yet about what to do next.
They came to an agreement with each other. 他們雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議。
由 agreement 構(gòu)成的詞組與搭配
come to an agreement with sb = arrive at an agreement with sb = make an agreement with sb = reach an agreement with sb 與……達(dá)成協(xié)議。
in agreement with sth 同意…… 。
tear up an agreement with sb = break an agreement with sb 同某人撕毀協(xié)議。
I‘m quite in agreement with your decision.
We are all in agreement on that point.
She nodded to show her agreement.
Do you know a trade agreement between China and the USA? 你知道中美間的一個(gè)貿(mào)易協(xié)定嗎？
(2) flesh 肉；肉體；
The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. (諺語(yǔ)) 心有余而力不足。
Lions and tigers are flesh-eating animals. 獅子和老虎是食肉動(dòng)物。
① 辨析 flesh , meat
flesh 是指人體的肉和（果實(shí)的）果肉、（蔬菜的）葉肉。muscle 人體肌肉。meat 是供人們食用的肉，但不包括魚(yú)、禽的肉。 pork 豬肉 , beef 牛肉 , mutton 羊肉 , fish 魚(yú)肉 , duck 鴨肉 , chicken 雞肉 ，等。
② 搭配：gain flesh / weight = put on flesh / weight 發(fā)胖，長(zhǎng)肉。lose flesh / weight 變瘦。
漢語(yǔ)中的“血肉之軀”用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)是“flesh and blood ”。
(3) desire 作名詞和動(dòng)詞“期望；愿望；要求；渴望”
We all desire happiness. 我們都渴望幸福。
What do you desire me to do? 你要我做什么 ？
She has a desire to visit Egypt. 她渴望到埃及去觀光。
① desire to do 希望做…… 。desire sb to do 希望某人做…… 。I desire you to go at once.
② desire that …… （從句中 should 型虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
The director desires that you (should) visit him next week. = The director desires you to visit him next week.
③ desire 作名詞后跟同謂語(yǔ)從句。同謂語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
The people expressed their desire that the war should come to an end soon.
(4) according to 根據(jù)…… , 按照……
According to the TV, it will be fine today. 根據(jù)電視報(bào)道，今天會(huì)是個(gè)晴天。
According to Tom, Jane got married last month.
I will do it according to your instructions.
Our ideas will change according to the change of time.
We will be paid according to the amount of work we do. 我們將按工作量取得報(bào)酬。
according to 不與 opinion , view 等表示觀點(diǎn)的詞連用。如果想表達(dá)“根據(jù)某人的意見(jiàn)或者觀點(diǎn)”時(shí)常用 in one’s opinion / view 。
(5) pride 自豪，驕傲
This modern library is the great pride of our university. 這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化圖書(shū)館是我們大學(xué)的驕傲。
① take ( a ) pride in sth / sb 以……為驕傲，對(duì)……感到自豪
Each of us takes pride in our socialist construction.
② be proud of 對(duì)……自豪，對(duì)……驕傲
We are proud of our great socialist motherland.
③ feel proud that 對(duì)……自豪
Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year. 我們的足球隊(duì)對(duì)今年的戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝極為自豪。
④ with pride = proudly 自豪地
(6) be always ready to do = be always willing to do 總是樂(lè)于干……
I‘m always ready to accept your advice. 我隨時(shí)接受你的建議。
(7) be in love with sb 與某人相愛(ài)，
They have been in love with one another for years.
(8) scold sb for doing sth 因……而責(zé)罵某人
The boss scolded the worker for coming too late.
(9) on condition that = only if 只要，只有在……條件下
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the riverbank.
(10) make a promise 承諾，答應(yīng)
She made a promise that she would never tell the secret to anyone else. 她答應(yīng)過(guò)，決不把這個(gè)秘密告訴其他人。
(11) pay back 償還借款；報(bào)復(fù)
He always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
(12) think of 想到 (=have the idea of )，與 what 連用表達(dá)“覺(jué)得如何”。
What did you think of this film? 你覺(jué)得這部電影怎么樣 ？
Then she thought of a clever plan to save her comrades.
(13) dress oneself as 打扮成…… ；穿得像……似的
He dressed himself as Father Christmas. 他打扮成圣誕老人。
注意：這個(gè)詞組也相當(dāng)于 dress up as , 如果不用 as 時(shí)，就是“打扮、化裝”。如：
These girls dressed themselves with special. 這些姑娘們細(xì)心地打扮自己。
(14) have mercy on = have pity on , show mercy to 憐憫，寬恕。
He showed no mercy to the thief and beat him hard. = He had no mercy on the thief and beat him hard. 他毫不寬恕小偷，狠狠地揍了他一頓。
(15) It is useless + ing 干……沒(méi)有用
It is useless repeating the same sentence.
(16) pass / give judgment on sb / sth 對(duì) …… 作出判決（或者評(píng)價(jià)）
The court will pass judgment on Smith this afternoon. 法院將在今天下午對(duì)史密斯作出判決。
We find it difficult to pass judgment on these paintings. 我們感到很難評(píng)價(jià)這些畫(huà)。
(17) hope for = wish , expect 希望，期望（好的情況出現(xiàn)）
Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 存最好的希望，作最壞的打算。
Parents have high hopes for their children. 父母對(duì)他們的孩子都抱有很高的希望。
不用 hope sb to do 可以用 hope for sth , hope to do , hope that �？梢哉f(shuō) wish sb to do , wish to do , expect to do , expect sb to do 。
(18) in one’s place 代替；用……而不用
Will you go in my place? 你能代替我去嗎 ？
注意：take the place of sb 代替某人，take the place of sth 用 …… 而不用…… 。
Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains. 電動(dòng)火車(chē)已經(jīng)取代了蒸汽火車(chē)。
If you can’t go to the meeting myself, your secretary will take your place.
(19) take one‘s seat = sit down in one’s place 就座
She bought a magazine and took her seat in the train.
(20) use one‘s head a little 稍微動(dòng)動(dòng)腦筋
Use your head a little and you’ll work out this problem. 稍微動(dòng)一下腦筋你就會(huì)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(21) do the deed 付諸行動(dòng)，生效
The agreement will do the deed next month. 協(xié)議下月將要生效。
(21) be sad for = feel sorrow at 為 …… 悲痛
Everyone in the area felt / was sad for his death.
(22) take … in one‘s arm (擁) 抱
She took the baby in her arms and left the room.
(23) with all one’s heart 全心全意地，衷心地
I want to congratulate you with all my heart. 我向你表示衷心的祝賀。
(24) at the mercy of 在……的支配下，在……的掌握中，任由……的擺布
They were lost at sea and at the mercy of wind and weather. 他們?cè)诤Ｉ嫌鲭y，任憑風(fēng)雨的擺布。
(25) go down on one‘s knees 跪下請(qǐng)求，屈膝
Even if you go down on your knees, I won’t forgive you. 即使你跪下求我，我也不會(huì)寬恕你。
(26) beg for mercy 求饒，乞求寬恕
He went down on his knees and begged for mercy. 他屈膝求饒。
(27) leave … to sb 把 …… 留給；贈(zèng)給 …… ；托給 ……
I‘ll leave everything to you then. 那我把一切托交給你了。
注意：leave … to … 把……交某人保管。
(28) upon / on one’s death = after one‘s death 在某人死后
The woman lived a hard life with her children upon her husband’s death . 在她丈夫死后，那婦女與孩子們艱苦度日。
(29) take pride in = be proud of 為 …… 自豪 ， 為 …… 驕傲
He took no pride in his own work. 他并不對(duì)自己的工作感到滿意。
(30) play a role / part in 扮演 …… 角色 ， 起……作用
Mrs. Green always plays the leading part / role. 格林太太總是扮演主角。
An important part was played by the radio in forming my interest in music . 我對(duì)音樂(lè)產(chǎn)生興趣，收音機(jī)起了重要作用。
(31) fall in love with sb = begin to be in love with sb 愛(ài)上，喜歡
He fell in love with that girl at the first sight. 他對(duì)那個(gè)女孩一見(jiàn)鐘情。
注意：該詞組是非延續(xù)性詞組，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
（錯(cuò)）His daughter has fallen in love with a soldier for two years .
（對(duì)）His daughter has been in love with a soldier for two years .
(32) However, Shylock agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition. In the agreement, Antonio made a promise to allow Shylock to take a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months. 然而 ， 夏洛克還是同意借錢(qián)給安東尼奧，但是有一個(gè)條件，在借約中，安東尼奧許諾如果在三個(gè)月欺滿時(shí)償還不了這筆錢(qián)，就允許夏洛克從他身上任何部位割走一磅肉。
on one condition 作“規(guī)定一個(gè)條件”解。其條件就是下一句的“如果 …… 就 ”。此詞組也可以用 on condition that 來(lái)代替。如：… to lend Antonio the money on condition that Antonio made a promise . 作“只有 …… 條件下”, on condition that = only if “條件是 ……”，“如果 ……”（= if ）， 是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，但它比 if 更正式。例如：
He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other children.
You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
I don‘t mind lending you my car on condition that you return it to me before tomorrow.
We’ll come on condition that John is invited to this party, too.
注意：on no condition 是“絕不要，決不，在任何情況下都不”之意。例如：
You must on no condition tell him what has happened. 你在任何情況下都不可以把發(fā)生的事情告訴他。
當(dāng) on no condition 放置句首時(shí)，主謂進(jìn)行倒裝。
On no condition can he travel alone.
(33) It is useless trying to argue with Shylock. 試圖跟夏洛克講道理是沒(méi)有用的。
① 在這個(gè)句型中 it 是形式主語(yǔ)，后面的動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)是真正的主語(yǔ)。能以動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的這類(lèi)句子比較少，主要用在以 no point , no use , no good 等作表語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：
It‘s no use talking without acting. = It’s useless talking without acting. 光說(shuō)不干是沒(méi)有用的。
② it 作形式主語(yǔ)用在 it‘s a waste of time + ing 的句子中。例如：
It’s just a waste of time talking to him.
③ 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)還用于 there + be + no use ( good , point ) + ing 句型中，例如：
There‘s no use talking about it. = It’s no use talking about it.
(34) If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh. 即使你愿意給我六倍于剛才提出的錢(qián)數(shù)，我仍要我應(yīng)得到的那一磅肉。
times 在此表示三倍以上的倍數(shù)。用 times 表示“甲是乙的幾倍大（長(zhǎng)、寬、高等）”，“甲比乙大（長(zhǎng)、高、寬等）幾倍”，可以用下列句型：
① A is … times the size ( length , height , width ) of B
This street is four times the length of that one. 這條街是那條街的 4 倍長(zhǎng)。（= 這條街比那條街長(zhǎng) 3 倍。）
This river is five times the length of that stream. 這條河有那條小溪五倍長(zhǎng)。
Nigeria is three times the size of that Great Britain. 尼日利亞是英國(guó)面積的三倍大。
② A is … times as big ( long , high , wide ) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe .亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。（= 亞洲比歐洲大三倍。）
That building is three times as high as our house. 這樓房有我們住房的三倍高。
This box is three times as heavy as that one. 這箱子是那箱子的三倍重。
③ A is … times bigger ( longer , higher ) than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office. 會(huì)議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。
This city is ten times larger than that one. 這個(gè)城市比那個(gè)城市大 10 倍。
④ 三倍以下通常用 double 或者 twice 來(lái)表達(dá)兩倍。
His weight is double what it was ten years ago. 他的體重是 10 年前的兩倍。
This package is double the weight of that one. 這個(gè)包裹比那個(gè)包裹的重量多一倍。
This railway is twice longer than that one. 這條鐵路比那條長(zhǎng)兩倍。
The room is twice the size of that one. = This room is twice as big as that one.
Step 6. Comprehension
SB P63, Part 2, Tell the students to talk about the six topics in groups of four or five. Then pick out the reporter to report the rest of the class.
Step 7. Summary and report
Now the students are required to tell the story of The Merchant of Venice in their own words. After they have finished, they are asked to do Ex.2 on Wb P113 and Ex.2 on Wb P115. Put the two parts together, that’s the plot of the story.
Step 8. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 41~43, get the students to do the exercises in these lessons and then check the answers with the students if time permits.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 41~43 in the workbook.
(2) Ethic teaching: Discussion ---- What can we learn from this play?
Evaluation of teaching:
Lesson 44
Teaching aims and demands
1. Provide the chance for students to have a listening practice
2. Revise the grammar with the students: the use of infinitive.
3. The students are required to practice the words and useful expressions in Checkpoint 11.
Key points: 1. Grammar; 2. Listening 3. Useful expressions.
Teaching methods: Listening - practice
Teaching procedures
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the previous three lessons.
(3) Revise Step 7 of the previous lessons.
Step 2. Listening
(1) Pre-listening: Tell the students turn to Page 143 and read the instructions to get a gist of the listening passage.
(2) While-listening:
① Play the tape for the students to answer the questions.
② Check the answers with the students.
(3) Post listening activity: get the students to talk about the listening passage.
Step 3. Checkpoints
Go through Checkpoint 11 with the students. Get the students to make up sentences using the useful expressions if time permits.
Step 4. Grammar
Grammar teaching: Tell the students the usage and what attention should be paid to the infinitive.
動(dòng)詞不定式“注意點(diǎn)”
動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可不加 to。下面主要就不定式在使用時(shí)需注意的幾個(gè)方面加以說(shuō)明：
Ⅰ動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果要說(shuō)明不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，可在不定式前加 for 引起的短語(yǔ)。但是當(dāng)形容詞是 nice , kind , clever , foolish 等表是主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)時(shí)，用 of 。例如：
It’s very important for us to learn English well.
It‘s very nice of you to do so.
Ⅱ 可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有 want , like , wish , prefer , hope , try , start , decide , agree , forget , learn 等。例如：
She wanted to borrow my bike.
They decided to try again.
但有些動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)后須接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，這些詞主要有 finish , enjoy , mind , keep , keep on , feel , like 等。例如：
He can finish drawing a horse in five minutes.
Ⅲ 有些動(dòng)詞后既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，但意義有別。現(xiàn)將常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞辨別如下：
like + 不定式表示具體動(dòng)作，后接動(dòng)名詞表示一般性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：
I’d like to play football this afternoon. (指今天下午這一次)
I like playing football. (指我的愛(ài)好)
forget / remember +不定式表示“忘記 / 記住要去做某事”，接動(dòng)名詞表示“忘記 / 記得做過(guò)某事”。例如：
Don‘t forget to close the door when you leave. 別忘了離開(kāi)時(shí)把門(mén)關(guān)上。
stop +不定式表示“停下正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行下一個(gè)動(dòng)作”，接動(dòng)名詞表示“停止正在做的動(dòng)作”。例如：
We stopped working at noon. 我們?cè)谥形鐣r(shí)停止工作。
We’ve worked all the morning. Let‘s stop to have a rest. 我們干一上午了，停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒吧。
Ⅳ 有些“be + 形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)需用不定式作狀語(yǔ)，這些形容詞主要有 sorry , glad , ready , angry 等。例如：
I’m sorry to hear your mother is ill.
Ⅴ 介詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不接不定式。例如：
What about going out for a walk?
Ⅵ 不定式符號(hào)須省略或不可省略的特例：
在 hear , see , watch , notice , make , let , feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式要省去 to。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，省去的 to 須補(bǔ)出。help 后動(dòng)詞可加 to 亦可不加。例如：
They made that man work in the morning.
Let me see you play.
That man was made to work all the morning.
Why not , had better 后不定式須省去 to。
當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)被省略時(shí)，to 須保留下來(lái)，以代表被省去的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
- Would you like to go with me?
- I‘d love to.
Ⅶ 感觀動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式的區(qū)別：
不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：
I heard him singing when I passed his room just now. 剛才我路過(guò)他房間時(shí)，我聽(tīng)到他在唱歌。
I saw him go into that house. (他已在屋里)
Ⅷ 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在 to 前加 not 。例如：
Tell him not to be late.
Ⅸ 不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞 what , which , how , where , when 等連用，這一結(jié)構(gòu)可用來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I don’t know when we‘ll leave. =I don’t know when to leave.
Ⅹ 慎用句尾的不定式
及物的不定式需加賓語(yǔ)。但用于句尾的不定式有時(shí)雖然是及物的，然而后面并不帶賓語(yǔ)。這是由于在句首或句中已有其邏輯賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式后就不應(yīng)再跟賓語(yǔ)了(帶雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除外)。若不定式是不及物時(shí)，需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞。例如：
The box is too heavy for me to carry. ( carry 后不可再加 it )
He is looking for a house to live in.
動(dòng)詞不定式的句法作用
動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，同時(shí)也有動(dòng)詞的特征。它在句中可以作：
Ⅰ 作主語(yǔ)
有時(shí)用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首，把不定式短語(yǔ)放在后面。如：
To learn English well is very important.
It‘s very important to learn English well.
- How long does it take you to get to the airport?
- It takes me 30 minutes to get to the airport.
Ⅱ 作賓語(yǔ)
Do you want to have a cup of coffee?
在介詞 but , except 之后常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。介詞前如果有 to do 的某種形式時(shí)，其后的不定式一般不帶 to 。如：
Last Sunday she did nothing else but do something sewing. 上個(gè)星期天她除了做了點(diǎn)針線活外，別的什么也沒(méi)有做。
在 can not but , cannot choose but , can not help but 這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的不定式通常也不帶 to 。如：
I cannot help but tell the truth. 我不得不說(shuō)實(shí)話。
Ⅲ 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
She asks me to come home as soon as possible.
Ⅳ 作表語(yǔ)
The biggest problem is how to make full use of our time and money.
Ⅴ 作狀語(yǔ)
不定式可以作目的、原因、結(jié)果、方式狀語(yǔ)等。
They worked very hard, only to get little money. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))
He stood up as if to say something.
only + 不定式表達(dá)未能預(yù)料到的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。而 only + ing 表達(dá)必然的結(jié)果。如：
He hurried home, only to find his house broken into.
Ⅵ 作定語(yǔ)
Xiao Lin is always the first to come to the office.
注意作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面要相應(yīng)的介詞。
Finally they found a comfortable room to live in.
Ⅶ 作獨(dú)立成分。to tell the truth 說(shuō)實(shí)話，to be frank 坦率地說(shuō)，to be sure 可以肯定地說(shuō)。
To tell you the truth (= To tell the truth, Truth to tell you), I don’t agree with you.
To be sure, some of them will say no.
知識(shí)的運(yùn)用與講解
Ⅰ 如何突破作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的分詞和不定式
NMET 98 試題中有這樣一道單項(xiàng)填空題
European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B . makes C . made D . to make
該題意在考查作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的分詞和不定式的不同用法。分詞和不定式都可以用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，而且一般都位于主句之后。許多考生對(duì)此區(qū)分不清而誤選答案D�，F(xiàn)就二者的不同用法作一簡(jiǎn)單分析。
ⅰ一、分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通常表示一個(gè)自然而然的、意料之中的結(jié)果，是主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的直接結(jié)果。例如：
① His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 父母去世了，他成為孤兒。
② He ran faster than ever, reaching the school quite out of breath. 他跑得更快了，結(jié)果到學(xué)校時(shí)已上氣不接下氣。
③ He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident. 他迅速切斷了電源，防止了一起意外事故。
④ The glass fell to the ground, broken to pieces. 杯子掉在地上，打成了碎片。
ⅱ二、不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通常表示繼謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的一個(gè)相反或出乎意料之外的結(jié)果，常表達(dá)“沒(méi)想到……”、“結(jié)果卻……”、“不料……”等意思。其前常加 only 以強(qiáng)調(diào)這一意外結(jié)果。例如：
⑤ I called at her home, only to find the door locked. 我去過(guò)她家，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)其房門(mén)緊鎖著。
⑥ He hurried to the station, only to be told the train had gone. 他匆忙趕到車(chē)站，不料被告知火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
⑦ They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet. 他們搬起石頭，結(jié)果卻砸了自己的腳。
⑧ It took her nearly half a year to find his address, only to learn that he had passed away ten years before. 她用了近半年的時(shí)間找到了他的地址，結(jié)果卻得知他已在十年前去世了。
從以上的分析可以看出，上述試題中句意為“八十個(gè)國(guó)家都踢歐式足球，結(jié)果使其成為世人最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。”這是一種自然而然的結(jié)果，故正確答案應(yīng)為A。大家可試作下面的一組練習(xí)：
1. The water of a hot spring (溫泉) carries many dissolved minerals, usually ____ the water an unusual taste and smell.
A. to give B . gives C . to be given D . giving
2. Mr. Brown returned to his office after a holiday, only ____ broken into.
A. to find it had been B . to find it had
C . finding it had been D . finding it was
Key: 1. D 2. A
Ⅱ 不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)詞不定式在英語(yǔ)教材中是比較重要的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。但在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)是用主動(dòng)式還是用被動(dòng)式，常常沒(méi)有把握。現(xiàn)歸納如下，以利學(xué)生掌握。
(ⅰ)一、在下列情況，不定式用主動(dòng)形式
① 不定式所修飾的名詞與不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系(相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句)。例如：
He is not a man to bow before difficulties (= who will bow before difficulties).
Have you got a key to unlock the door (= which can unlock the door)?
This is the best book on the subject to appear this year (= that has appeared this year).
② 不定式與它修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且在句子中能找到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：
I have a lot of exercises to do today. (I 是 to do 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
Do you have anything more to say? (you 是 to say 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
Mother always gives her little son some toys to play with. (her little son 是 to play with 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
③ 盡管句子中找不到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，但不定式隱含“for sb . to do”結(jié)構(gòu)的意思。例如：
This is the best book to read (= for us / you to read).
It is already time to start spring sowing (= for peasants to start spring sowing).
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience (= for us to exchange experience).
④ 有些動(dòng)詞，后面常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其同源名詞常用不定式作定語(yǔ)，并且用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
(He attempted to pass the test.) = He failed in his attempt to pass the test.
(Do you intend to go there? ) = Have you any intention to go there?
⑤ 有些形容詞，后面常跟不定式，其同源名詞也常和不定式作定語(yǔ)，并用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
(He is determined to overcome the difficulty.)
In his speech he expressed his determination to overcome the difficulty.
(She was anxious to visit the Great Wall of China.)
We could see her anxiety to visit the Great Wall of China.
⑥ 在 “with + n . + to + v . ”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
With nothing to do, I sat down watching TV.
He can‘t go out with all these clothes to wash.
(ⅱ) 在下列情況，不定式用被動(dòng)形式
① 當(dāng)句子中有 by 結(jié)構(gòu)，明確了不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：
It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.
This will be one of the highest buildings to be built by our company this year.
② 當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞是將要做的事情時(shí)。例如：
The question to be discussed at the next meeting will be rather difficult.
(ⅲ) 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞是“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式可用主動(dòng)式，也可用被動(dòng)式，意義無(wú)甚區(qū)別
There are many problems to work out / to be worked out.
There is no time to lose / to be lost.
Step 5. Grammar practice
SB P64~65, Part 2~5, read the instructions and get students to do the four exercises about infinitive. Then check the answers with the students.
Step 6. Word study
SB P66, Part 2, read the instructions, and get students to do the exercise. Then check the answers with the students. Answers: See P66.
Step 7. Writing
SB P66, Part 3. Read the instructions and tell the students to develop a paragraph by using given information.
Step 8. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 44. Ex. 1~3. Get the students to do the exercises and then check the answers with the students.
Homework
(1) Finish off the wb exercises of Lesson 44.
(2) Revise the key points of this unit.
Evaluation of teaching: